Chemistry all topics

What is an atom?

The smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element.

What is an element?

A pure substance made up of only one type of atom.

What is a compound?

A substance formed from two or more elements chemically bonded together.

What are the three subatomic particles?

Protons, neutrons, and electrons.

What is the charge of an electron?

Negative.

What is the charge of a proton?

Positive.

What is the charge of a neutron?

Neutral.

Where are protons located in an atom?

In the nucleus.

Where are electrons located in an atom?

In orbitals surrounding the nucleus.

What is atomic number?

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

What is mass number?

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus.

What are isotopes?

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

What is the periodic table?

A tabular arrangement of elements organized by atomic number.

What does the group number indicate in the periodic table?

The number of valence electrons in the outer shell.

What does the period number indicate in the periodic table?

The number of electron shells in an atom.

What are ions?

Atoms or molecules that have a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of electrons.

What is a cation?

A positively charged ion.

What is an anion?

A negatively charged ion.

What is an ionic bond?

A chemical bond resulting from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

What is a simple molecule?

A molecule made up of a small number of atoms, such as H2 or O2.

What is a covalent bond?

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

What are giant covalent structures?

Three-dimensional networks of atoms held together by covalent bonds.

Give an example of a giant covalent structure.

Diamond or silicon dioxide (SiO2).

What is metallic bonding?

The electrostatic attraction between positively charged metal ions and delocalized electrons.

What is stoichiometry?

The calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions.

What is a formula in chemistry?

A symbolic representation of a chemical substance.

What is the significance of the coefficients in a chemical equation?

They indicate the relative amounts of reactants and products involved in a reaction.

What is a chemical reaction?

A process that converts reactants into products through breaking and forming bonds.

What factors affect the rate of reaction?

Concentration, temperature, surface area, and the presence of catalysts.

What does the term 'rate of reaction' refer to?

The speed at which reactants are converted into products.

What is the periodic table groups' general characteristic?

Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties.

What are Group I elements known as?

Alkali metals.

Name a property of Group I elements.

They are highly reactive with water.

What is organic chemistry?

The study of the structure, properties, and reactions of carbon-containing compounds.

Define hydrocarbons.

Compounds consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.

What is the general formula for alkanes?

CnH2n+2.

What is the general formula for alkenes?

CnH2n.

What are functional groups?

Specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic reactions of those molecules.

What is the significance of the IUPAC naming system?

It provides a standardized way to name chemical compounds.

What is a saturated compound?

A compound that contains only single bonds between carbon atoms.

What is an unsaturated compound?

A compound that contains one or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms.

Name a property of alkenes.

They react readily with halogens and hydrogen.

What is the process of cracking?

The breaking down of larger hydrocarbons into smaller, more useful ones.

What is a combustion reaction?

A reaction where a substance reacts with oxygen to produce energy.

Define esterification.

The reaction between an alcohol and an acid to form an ester and water.

What is a primary alcohol?

An alcohol where the hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon with only one alkyl group.

What is a secondary alcohol?

An alcohol where the hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon with two alkyl groups.

What is a tertiary alcohol?

An alcohol where the hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon with three alkyl groups.

Define functional isomerism.

Isomers with the same molecular formula but different functional groups.

What is a polymer?

A large molecule made up of repeating structural units (monomers).

What is the difference between addition and condensation polymerization?

Addition polymerization involves the joining of monomers without the loss of any atoms, whereas condensation polymerization involves the elimination of a small molecule, often water.

What is the significance of biopolymers?

Natural polymers like proteins and polysaccharides that have important biological functions.

Define the term 'oxidation.'

A reaction that involves the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state.

Define the term 'reduction.'

A reaction that involves the gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state.

What is a redox reaction?

A chemical reaction in which oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously.

What is a salt?

An ionic compound formed from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base.

Define neutralization reaction.

A reaction between an acid and a base producing a salt and water.

What are catalysts?

Substances that speed up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.

What is the role of enzymes in biological reactions?

Enzymes act as catalysts that increase the rate of biochemical reactions.

What is a concentrated solution?

A solution that contains a large amount of solute relative to the solvent.

What is a dilute solution?

A solution that contains a small amount of solute relative to the solvent.

Define the term 'precipitate.'

An insoluble solid that forms when two solutions are mixed.

What is a titration?

A laboratory method used to determine the concentration of a solution.

What is the difference between exothermic and endothermic reactions?

Exothermic reactions release energy, while endothermic reactions absorb energy.

Define molarity.

A measure of the concentration of a solute in a solution, expressed in moles of solute per liter of solution.

What is the ideal gas law?

An equation of state for an ideal gas, represented as PV=nRT.

What do the variables in the ideal gas law represent?

P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is temperature.

What is Avogadro's principle?

Equal volumes of gases, at the same temperature and pressure, contain an equal number of molecules.

What is the significance of empirical formula?

It represents the simplest whole-number ratio of the elements in a compound.

Define molecular formula.

A formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule.

What is a structural formula?

A representation that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

What is the role of the nucleus in an atom?

The nucleus contains protons and neutrons and is the central part of the atom.

What are the trends in reactivity down Group I?

Reactivity increases as you go down the group.

What are the physical properties of metals?

Metals are typically malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity, and have high melting points.

Define the term 'valency.'

The combining capacity of an element, typically determined by the number of electrons an atom can lose, gain, or share.

What is the importance of chemical equations?

They provide a concise way to represent chemical reactions and show the conservation of mass.

What is a homogeneous mixture?

A mixture that has a uniform composition and appearance throughout.

What is a heterogeneous mixture?

A mixture that consists of visibly different substances or phases.

What are noble gases?

Inert gases located in Group 0 of the periodic table, known for their lack of reactivity.

What is an alloy?

A mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal.

Define the term 'activate energy.'

The minimum amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur.

What is a limiting reagent?

The reactant that is fully consumed first in a chemical reaction, limiting the amount of product formed.

What factors can influence the equilibrium position of a reaction?

Concentration, temperature, and pressure changes.