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Which of the following would be a characteristic of the treatment provided by the first mental hospitals or sanatoria used by the Romans and Greeks? (pg 33)
warm baths & massages
The fact that episodes of mass madness peaked at the time of the Black Death illustrates ... (pg 34-35)
Phenomena that impact the society and its structure may also affect mental health
During the middle ages in Europe, which of the following was most likely to treat mental illness? (pg 35)
a priest
In the USA an early treatment involved the belief that ... (pg 37,38)
patients needed to choose rationality over insanity and treatments were designed to intimidate patients into choosing "correctly"
Who was Phillip Pinel? (pg 38)
- he believed that mental patients were ill and needed to be treated as such with kindness and caring (ex: with sunshine, fresh air and the removal of chains)
- considered one of the major 18th & 19th century humanitarians
The humanistic perspective focuses primarily upon the capacity of the individual to... (ph 79)
engage in positive self growth
A diathesis can best be described as... (pg 60)
- contributory cause
- constitues a "predisposition" towards mental illness
The additive model of the diathesis stress theory proposes that... (pg 60)
people with a very high level of a diathesis may need only a small amount of stress to develop the disorder
The site of communication between two neurons is ...(pg 65)
the synapse
Brett persistently injects himself with pain killers. This has greatly increased his chances of overdosing and dying. His behaviors harms no one else. According to the DSM, is his behavior consistent with the definition of a mental disorder?
Yes, because he is persistently acting in a way that harms him
The current DSM is..
atheoretical
The trend toward deinstitutionalization in recent years means...
people are hospitalized more brief and then treated on an outpatient basis
Unlike the medical practitioner, the mental health professional's assessment process...
rarely has "lab work" that can confirm an initial impression
Unmarried and has a few friends. Why is this person at great risk for developing coronary heart disease?
social isolation has been associated with increased risk of the disease
Two people were both bitten by strange dogs. One of the people has a dog at home that he loves. The other has little experience with dogs. Which is likely to develop a phobia?
The one who has the dog at home that he loves is less likely to develop a phobia because he has had lots of earlier positive experiences with dogs
What does the DSM stand for?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
What is the purpose behind the DSM?
it provides all necessary info to diagnose mental disorders
T/F, does the DSM benefit research?
True
T/F, does the DSM include info on how to treat people?
False
What kind of stressors are excluded from the DSM?
Predictable or culturally approved responses to common stressors or losses (ex, death)
Within the DSM, what is a mental disorder defined as?
A syndrome that is present in an individual & that involves clinically significant disturbance in behavior, emotion regulation or cognitive functioning
How many individuals with depression delay seeking treatment & for how long?
- 1/2 of individuals
- more than 6-8 years
For anxiety disorders, how long did people delay to seek treatment?
9-23 years
T/F, most mental health treatment is administered on an outpatient basis?
True
What is the term for the non-use of traditional hospitalization?
deinstitutionalization
What does etiology mean?
causes of disorders
What does positive correlation mean?
measures that vary together in a direct & corresponding manner
What does inverse/negative correlation mean?
measures that oppose each other
How is the strength of a correlation measured?
by a correlation coefficient (denoted by the symbol r)
What does analogue studies mean?
when the true item of interest is not studied, but an approximation to it is
Who was Hippocrates?
a Greek physician often referred to as the father of modern medicine
What was Hippocrates belief on the causes of mental disorders?
he believed that they had natural causes and appropriate treatments & that they were NOT from deities or demons
What were the 3 categories that Hippocrates classified as mental disorders?
1. Mania
2. Melancholia
3. Phrenitis (brain fever)
What are the 4 elements of the material world?
1. earth
2. air
3. fire
4. water
What did the 4 elements of the material world form in the body?
1. blood (heart)
2. phlegm (brain)
3. choler/yellow bile (liver)
4. black bile (spleen)
T/F, Hippocrates thought dreams to be an important part in understanding a patient's personality?
True
What was Asclepiades theory of disease?
it was based on the flow of atoms through the pores in the body & developed treatments (ex: passages, special diets, bathings, exercise..etc)
What contribution did Galen make towards scientific research?
info concerning the anatomy of the nervous system
T/F, did the Romans follow the "opposite by opposite" principle on patients therapy methods?
True
What is mass madness?
the widespread occurrence of group behavior disorders that were apparently cases of hysteria
What is tarantism?
a disorder that included an uncontrollable impulse to dance that was often attributed to the bite of the Southern European tarantula or wolf spider
What is lycanthropy?
a condition in which people believed themselves to be possessed by wolves and imitated their behavior
What did treatments consist of during the Middle Ages in Europe?
prayer, holy water, sanctified ointments, breath or spittle of priests, touching of relics, visiting holy places and mild forms of exorcisms
How were exorcisms performed?
by the "gentle laying of the hands"
What were those physically possessed considered ?
they were considered mad
What were those spiritually possessed considered?
they were considered witches
What does the humanistic perspective view human nature as?
as "good"
What does humanistic perspective focus on?
it emphasizes present conscious processes and places strong emphasis on peoples "inherent" capacity for responsible self-direction
T/F, the existential perspective resembles the humanistic view in its emphasis on the uniqueness of each individual
True
What are the 3 themes of existentialism?
1. Existence & Essence
2. Meaning & Value
3. Existential Anxiety & the Encounter with Nothingness
What are the differences between the focuses of humanistic psychologist & existential psychologists?
- humanistic: emphasize the importance of individuality
- existenial: emphasizes the importance of establishing values, etc...
What is the Diathesis Stress Model?
a predisposition toward developing a disorder due to biological, psychological or sociocultural causal factors
What does the electroencephalogram (EEG) assess?
it assesses the brain wave patterns when someone is in awake or asleep states
What does a dysrhythmia mean?
it represents an irregular pattern in the brains electrical activity
What can a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan do for the testing of the brain?
it can reveal parts of the brain that may be diseased
What have increasingly replaced CAT scans?
Magnetic Resonance Imagining (MRI)
- the images of the interior parts of the brain are sharper with MRI's
- MRI's are easier to administer to patients
- do not subject the patients to ionizing radiation
What are Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans?
this type of scan allows for an evaluation of how an organ is functioning
What do Functional MRI's (fMRI) do?
they have been used to study psychopathology for years
- mainly measures local oxygenation (blood flow) of specific areas of brain tissue
What is the term used where there is a loss of ability to communicate verbally?
Aphasia
T/F, the results of fMRI can be hard to interpret?
True
What does the fMRI benefit in regards to research?
benefits research in cortical activity & cognitive process
What do neurological assessments consist of?
involve the use of various testing devices to measure a person's cognitive, perceptual and motor performance as clues to the extent & location of the brain's damage
What were used to treat biologically based brain disorders?
- opium
- herbs
- medicinal substances
What does the biological model suggest?
that things within us can cause abnormal behavior
What does the psychological model suggest?
that environmental causality (outside) work with biological causality (inside) can produce abnormal behavior
Dynamic tensions rooted in what cause abnormal behavior?
biological substrata
what is the main purpose behind Direct Observation?
to learn more about the persons psychological functioning by attending to his or her appearance/behavior in various context
What does Clinical Observation observe?
the clinicians objective description of the person's appearance/behavior (personal hygiene, emotional responses, depression, anxiety, aggression..etc) that they may develop
What are the two common intelligence tests used on children?
1. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised
2. The Stanford-Bient Intelligence Scale
What is the most commonly used intelligence test for adults?
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised
T/F, is resilience the most common reaction following loss or trauma?
True
What is the Sympathetic-Adrenomedullart System(SAM) designed to do?
to mobilize resources and prepare for a flight-or-fight response
What is the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal System (HPA) designed to do?
responds to stress by sending messages to the adrenal gland which releases a stress hormone that feeds back on the hypothalamus
What is Psychoneuroimmunology?
the study of the interaction between the nervous and immune systems
When the hear is not getting enough oxygenated blood, what is the term used for the severe chest pain that may be experienced?
angina pectoris
What is Myocardial Infarction?
it results from a blockage in a section of the coronary arterial system
What is a Neurotic Disorder?
when an individual shows maladaptive & self-defeating behaviors AND they are NOT incoherent, dangerous or out of touch with reality
What is Exposure Therapy?
it is the best treatment for specific phobias
it involves controlled exposure to the stimuli or situation that triggers phobic fear
What is Participant Modeling?
when the therapist models calm ways of interacting with the phobic stimuli or situation
often is more effective than Exposure Therapy
