quiz review

Thyroxine

A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that influences metabolism and heat production.

Hypothalamus

The part of the brain that regulates body temperature by activating mechanisms like sweating or shivering.

Glomerulus

The part of the nephron that filters blood to form urine.

Bowman's Capsule

A structure that collects filtrate from the glomerulus.

Renal Tubule

The part of the nephron that reabsorbs water, nutrients, and ions, and secretes waste.

Loop of Henle

Creates a concentration gradient in the medulla for water reabsorption.

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

A hormone that regulates water balance in the kidneys by increasing the permeability of collecting ducts.

Osmoregulation in Desert Plants

The process by which desert plants minimize water loss through adaptations such as thick cuticles and closing stomata.

CAM Photosynthesis

A process where plants fix carbon dioxide at night to reduce water loss during the day.

Vasodilation

The expansion of blood vessels to increase blood flow for heat loss.

Sweating

The process activated by sweat glands to cool the body through evaporation.

Vasoconstriction

The constriction of blood vessels to reduce blood flow to the skin and conserve heat.

Shivering

Rapid muscle contractions that generate heat.

Follicular Phase

Phase of the menstrual cycle where FSH stimulates ovarian follicles and estrogen is produced.

Ovulation

Triggering of the release of a mature egg due to a surge in LH.

Luteal Phase

Phase in the menstrual cycle where the corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen to maintain the uterine lining.

HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)

Hormone produced during pregnancy that maintains progesterone production by binding to receptors on the corpus luteum.

Insulin

Hormone that lowers blood sugar levels by promoting glucose uptake by cells.

Glucagon

Hormone that raises blood sugar levels by promoting the release of glucose from liver stores.

Estrogens

Hormones that promote the development of female secondary sexual characteristics and regulate the menstrual cycle.

Progesterone

Hormone that prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg and supports early pregnancy.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Hormone that triggers ovulation and influences the development of the corpus luteum.

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Hormone that stimulates the development of ovarian follicles and estrogen production.

Spermatogenesis

The production of sperm in the testes, resulting in four viable sperm during meiosis.

Oogenesis

The production of eggs in the ovaries, resulting in one viable egg and three polar bodies.

Cytoplasm (in a human egg)

Contains nutrients and organelles necessary for early development.

Nucleus (in a human egg)

Contains genetic material (DNA) of the egg.

Zona Pellucida

Thick outer layer of the egg that protects it and facilitates sperm binding.

Cell Membrane (in a human egg)

Encloses the egg and regulates its internal environment.

Corona Radiata

A layer of follicular cells that provides nutrients to the egg.

Excretion in Humans

The process of removing waste through kidneys (as urine) and lungs (as CO2).

Excretion in Single-Celled Organisms

Occurs via simple diffusion across the cell membrane directly into the environment.

What is glycogenesis?

Glycogenesis is the biochemical process of converting glucose into glycogen for storage.

What is gluconeogenesis?

Gluconeogenesis is the metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate substrates.

What is glycogenolysis?

Glycogenolysis is the process of breaking down glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate and glucose for energy.

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?

The menstrual cycle consists of the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase.