Sensation & Perception Notes

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46 Terms

1

Sensation

The stimulation of sensory receptors and transmission of sensory information to the central nervous system (CNS).

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2

Perception

The psychological process by which we interpret sensory information.

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3

Absolute threshold

The weakest amount of stimulus that can be sensed.

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4

Difference threshold

The minimum amount of difference that can be distinguished between two stimuli, also known as just noticeable difference (jnd).

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5

Signal detection theory

A theory that explains how we distinguish sensory stimuli, taking into account the setting, physical state, mood, and expectations.

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6

Sensory adaptation

The process of becoming more sensitive to weak stimuli and less sensitive to unchanging stimuli.

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7

Just noticeable difference (jnd)

The minimum difference in stimulus intensity that a person can detect 50% of the time.

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8

Pupil

Opening in eye changes shape based on light & emotions

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9

Lens

Adjusts to the distance of an object by changing its thickness; focuses on objects.

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10

Retina

The part of the eye that takes focused light and images, acting like the film of a camera.

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11

Photoreceptors

Neurons in the retina that carry visual information to the brain via the optic nerve.

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12

Rods

Photoreceptors that allow us to see in black and white and are sensitive to light.

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13

Cones

Photoreceptors responsible for color vision.

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14

Optic nerve

Transmits neural impulses from the eye to the brain.

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15

Blind spot

The area where the optic nerve leaves the eye, lacking photoreceptors.

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16

Visual acuity

The sharpness of vision.

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17

Afterimage

A visual sensation that occurs after the original stimulus.

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18

Complimentary colors

Colors that are opposite each other on the color wheel, like red and green.

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19

Color blindness

A condition caused by missing or defective cones in the eyes.

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20

Cochlea

A snail-shaped structure that produces nerve impulses from sound vibrations.

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21

Auditory nerve

A bundle of nerves carrying sound information from the cochlea to the brain.

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22

Conductive deafness

Deafness caused by damage to the middle ear.

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23

Sensorineural deafness

Deafness caused by damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve, affecting certain frequency sounds.

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24

Olfactory nerve

Transmits odors to the limbic system of the brain, contributing to taste.

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25

Taste

Four basic taste qualities: sweetness, sourness, saltiness, and bitterness, plus umami (savory meat flavor).

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26

Flavor of food

A combination of odor, texture, temperature, and taste.

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27

Skin senses

Includes touch, pain, and temperature, combining pressure, temperature, and pain sensations.

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28

Gate theory

A theory stating that only a small amount of information can be processed by the nervous system at one time, potentially blocking some pain messages.

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29

Gestalt

The experience that comes from organizing bits of information into meaningful wholes.

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30

Proximity

Grouping items together based on their closeness.

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31

Similarity

The tendency to think of similar objects as belonging to each other.

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32

Continuity

The preference for smooth continuous patterns over disrupted ones.

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33

Common fate

The perception that things moving together belong together.

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34

Closure

The ability to perceive a complete image even when some sensory information is missing.

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35

Figure-ground perception

The perception of figures against a background.

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36

Stroboscopic Motion

The perception of movement from rapid progression of images.

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37

Monocular cues

Depth perception that requires only one eye.

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38

Binocular cues

Depth perception that involves the use of both eyes.

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39

Retinal disparity

The difference between the images received from each eye, used to compute distance.

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40

Convergence

A neuromuscular cue where the two eyes move inward for near objects.

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41

Perceptual Constancies

The perception of objects as unchanging even when light and retinal images change.

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42

Color constancy

Tendency to perceive objects as keeping their color regardless of changes in lighting.

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43

Size constancy

Seeing objects as having a constant size despite variations in distance.

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44

Shape constancy

Perceiving objects as having a constant shape, no matter the angle of view.

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45

Brightness Constancy

Tendency to see an object as equally bright despite changes in lighting intensity.

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46

Müller Lyer Illusion

The visual illusion where two lines of the same length appear different due to contextual effects.

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