Lecture on Personality and Developmental Psychology

This set of flashcards covers key concepts related to personality, development, and psychological theories discussed in the lecture.

What is temperament?

Temperament is a precursor to personality that represents innate tendencies and characteristic patterns of behavior, activity, and motion.

What are the examples of different temperaments in babies?

Some babies are categorized as 'goers' (active, exploratory) versus 'watchers' (observational).

Who proposed the theory of Multiple Intelligences?

Howard Gardner proposed the theory of Multiple Intelligences.

What are the Eight Intelligences according to Gardner?

Examples include Logical-Mathematical, Linguistic, Spatial, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Naturalistic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal.

What is the lowest level of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

The lowest level is Physiological needs, which includes food, water, and shelter.

What percentage of people reportedly reach self-actualization?

Approximately 10% of people reach self-actualization.

What does the acronym OCEAN stand for in the Big Five Personality Traits?

OCEAN stands for Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

What is neuroticism in personality psychology?

Neuroticism refers to instability in emotions.

What is an illusionary correlation?

An illusionary correlation is the misbelief that a relationship exists between two variables when it does not.

What is Alfred Adler's concept of the inferiority complex?

The inferiority complex is a feeling of inferiority due to ineffective or abusive parenting, leading to a distorted perception of self-worth.

What is projection in defense mechanisms?

Projection is the defense mechanism of attributing one's own issues/problems onto others.

What is the difference between reliability and validity in personality tests?

Reliability is the consistency in test measurements over time, while validity is the degree to which a test measures what it claims to measure.

How is IQ calculated?

IQ is calculated using the formula: IQ = (Mental Age / Chronological Age) × 100.

What occurs during the germinal phase of fetal development?

The germinal phase involves cell division and implantation into the uterine wall.

What are Robert Sternberg's three types of intelligence?

Analytical, Creative, and Practical intelligence.

What characterizes Erik Erikson's stage of 'Identity vs. Role Confusion'?

This stage occurs during adolescence as individuals explore their identity.

What is meant by internal locus of control?

Internal locus of control refers to the belief that one has control over their life events and outcomes.

What is authoritative parenting?

Authoritative parenting combines high demands with high support from parents, fostering communication and understanding of the child's perspective.

What is confirmation bias?

Confirmation bias is the tendency to favor information that confirms one's existing beliefs while ignoring contradicting information.

What are the three stages of moral development as outlined by Kohlberg?

The three stages are Preconventional, Conventional, and Post-Conventional.

What is the Babinski reflex?

The Babinski reflex is a reflex observed in infants up to 18 months, where toe fanning occurs when the sole of the foot is stroked.

What do trait theories focus on in personality psychology?

Trait theories focus on the basic dimensions of personality.

What do humanistic theories emphasize?

Humanistic theories emphasize personal growth and self-actualization.

What do psychoanalytic theories explore?

Psychoanalytic theories explore unconscious forces and drives.