[11.04] Adipose Tissue Hormones V2.pdf

pro-inflammatory state of low grade

According to the text, what type of state is obesity?

Adipocytes, infiltrated macrophages, lymphocytes, and endothelial cells from capillaries close to adipocytes.

What contributes to local inflammation in white adipose tissue?

Increase of lipid accumulation in adipocytes.

What cellular event in obesity triggers cellular stress and activation of JNK and NF-κB pathways?

Cellular stress and activation of JNK and NF-κB pathways.

What pathways are activated in adipocytes due to increased lipid accumulation in obesity?

Local inflammation in the adipocyte.

What is the result of cellular stress and activation of JNK and NF-κB pathways in adipocytes?

Portal vein.

Through which vessel can inflammation from adipose tissue travel to the liver?

Atherosclerosis, hypertension, and vascular insulin resistance.

What are some potential consequences of inflammation spreading from adipose tissue to peripheral tissues?

Adipocyte hypertrophy.

What happens to adipocytes in obesity due to the expansion of adipose tissue?

Increases in fat cell number, fat cell size, or a combination of the two.

What are the characteristics of obesity at the cellular level?

Metabolically dynamic organ.

What term describes the metabolic activity of adipose tissue?

Primary site of storage of excess energy through triglycerides.

What is the primary function of adipose tissue in terms of energy storage?

Endocrine organ capable of synthesis of biologically active compounds that regulate metabolic homeostasis.

Besides energy storage, what other role does adipose tissue serve?

Mechanical protection: cushion of body parts exposed to mechanical stress.

What is one of the physical functions of adipose tissue?

White, beige, and brown.

What are the three types of adipose cells based on their origin?

Extensively distributed in the body and represents the largest endocrine tissue of humans.

Where is white adipose tissue primarily located and what is its significance in terms of the endocrine system?

Leptin, cytokines, adipsin and acylation stimulating protein, angiotensinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, adiponectin, resistin.

Name some of the peptide hormones secreted by white adipose tissue.

Storage organ and an endocrine organ.

What are the two main functions of white adipose tissue highlighted in the text?

Multilocular fat vacuoles and large mitochondria.

What are the key structural features of brown adipose tissue?

Densely packed mitochondria and extensive vascularization.

What gives brown adipose tissue its characteristic color?

Sympathetic nerves.

By what part of the nervous system is brown adipose tissue intensively innervated?

Non-shivering thermogenesis.

What is the primary physiological role of brown adipose tissue?

Uncoupling Protein 1 (UCP1).

What protein is found in brown adipose tissue that is crucial for its function?

Increases energy expenditure through the uncoupling of oxidative metabolism from ATP production.

How does UCP1 contribute to energy expenditure?

Anti-obesity, as well as glucose- and lipid-lowering effects.

What are the potential metabolic benefits of activating brown adipose tissue?

Ability to induce adipose tissue cells to produce heat and increase energy expenditure.

What is the main functional characteristic of beige adipose tissue?

A fat cell that possesses characteristics between white and brown adipose tissue.

Phenotypically, how can beige adipose tissue be described?

Low basal level of UCP1.

What is the typical level of Uncoupling Protein 1 in beige adipose tissue at rest?

Respond and activate a thermogenic program to levels similar to those seen in brown adipose tissue.

What happens to UCP1 levels in beige adipose tissue when stimulated?

Store extra energy in the form of lipids.

What can happen to excess energy in beige adipose tissue when energy intake exceeds expenditure?
Hormone

Hormone

Resistin is an example of what category of adipose secreted protein?

Hormone

Angiotensinogen is an example of what category of adipose secreted protein?

Hormone

Adiponectin is an example of what category of adipose secreted protein?

Hormone

Estrogens are examples of what category of adipose secreted protein?

Hormone

Angiopoietin-4 is an example of what category of adipose secreted protein?

Cytokine

Interleukin-1 is an example of what category of adipose secreted protein?

Cytokine

Interleukin-6 is an example of what category of adipose secreted protein?

Cytokine

Interleukin-8 is an example of what category of adipose secreted protein?

Cytokine

Interleukin-10 is an example of what category of adipose secreted protein?

Cytokine

MCP-1 is an example of what category of adipose secreted protein?

Cytokine

Interferon-γ is an example of what category of adipose secreted protein?

Cytokine

Tumor Necrosis Factor-α is an example of what category of adipose secreted protein?

Extracellular Matrix Protein

Subtypes of collagen are examples of what category of adipose secreted protein?

Extracellular Matrix Protein

Metalloproteinases are examples of what category of adipose secreted protein?

Extracellular Matrix Protein

Fibronectin is an example of what category of adipose secreted protein?

Extracellular Matrix Protein

Osteonectin is an example of what category of adipose secreted protein?

Extracellular Matrix Protein

Laminin is an example of what category of adipose secreted protein?

Extracellular Matrix Protein

Entactin is an example of what category of adipose secreted protein?

Extracellular Matrix Protein

Thrombospondin-1 is an example of what category of adipose secreted protein?

Extracellular Matrix Protein

Thrombospondin-2 is an example of what category of adipose secreted protein?

Complement Factor

Adipsin is an example of what category of adipose secreted protein?

Complement Factor

Complement C3 is an example of what category of adipose secreted protein?

Complement Factor

Factor B is an example of what category of adipose secreted protein?

Enzyme

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein is an example of what category of adipose secreted protein?

Enzyme

Lipoprotein lipase is an example of what category of adipose secreted protein?

Acute Phase Reactant Protein

Acid glycoprotein is an example of what category of adipose secreted protein?

Acute Phase Reactant Protein

Haptoglobin is an example of what category of adipose secreted protein?

Other

Fatty acids are examples of what category of adipose secreted protein?

Other

Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 is an example of what category of adipose secreted protein?

Other

Prostacyclin is an example of what category of adipose secreted protein?

Adipose cells and primarily through the hypothalamus.

Where is leptin secreted and where does it primarily act?

Index of adipose energy stores.

What does the level of leptin production reflect?

Food intake, hypothalamic neuroendocrine regulation, reproductive function, energy expenditure.

What are some of the pleiotropic effects of leptin?

Direct relationship.

What is the relationship between leptin concentrations and BMI or body fat percentage?

Anorexigenic

Is α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone anorexigenic or orexigenic?

Anorexigenic

Is Leptin anorexigenic or orexigenic?

Anorexigenic

Is Serotonin anorexigenic or orexigenic?

Anorexigenic

Is Norepinephrine anorexigenic or orexigenic?

Anorexigenic

Is Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) anorexigenic or orexigenic?

Anorexigenic

Is Insulin anorexigenic or orexigenic?

Anorexigenic

Is Cholecystokinin anorexigenic or orexigenic?

Anorexigenic

Is Glucagon-like peptide (GLP) anorexigenic or orexigenic?

Anorexigenic

Is Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) anorexigenic or orexigenic?

Anorexigenic

Is Peptide YY anorexigenic or orexigenic?

Orexigenic

Is Neuropeptide Y anorexigenic or orexigenic?

Orexigenic

Is Agouti-related Peptide (AgRP) anorexigenic or orexigenic?

Orexigenic

Is Melanin-concentrating hormone anorexigenic or orexigenic?

Orexigenic

Are Orexins A and B anorexigenic or orexigenic?

Orexigenic

Are Endorphins anorexigenic or orexigenic?

Orexigenic

Is Galanin anorexigenic or orexigenic?

Orexigenic

Are Amino acids (glutamate and GABA) anorexigenic or orexigenic?

Orexigenic

Is Cortisol anorexigenic or orexigenic?

Orexigenic

Is Ghrelin anorexigenic or orexigenic?

Links obesity to diabetes by inducing insulin resistance.

What is the primary role of resistin mentioned in the text?

Increased.

What happens to resistin levels in mice with diet-induced and genetic forms of obesity?

Most abundant secretory protein.

What is a notable characteristic of adiponectin in terms of its secretion level?

Reduced.

What happens to plasma concentrations of adiponectin in obesity and insulin resistance?

Protective role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

What kind of role does adiponectin play in relation to certain diseases?

P450 aromatase activity.

What enzymatic activity does adipose tissue possess regarding estrogen production?

Transforms androstenedione to estrone.

What conversion does the enzyme in adipose tissue catalyze in estrogen synthesis?

Second major circulating estrogen in premenopausal women and most important estrogen in postmenopausal women.

What is the significance of estrone in women of different menopausal statuses?

Increases with age and obesity, and is higher in women with lower-body obesity than in those with upper-body obesity.

What factors influence the conversion of androstenedione to estrone in adipose tissue?

Precursor of angiotensin II.

What is angiotensinogen a precursor of?

Adipose AGE contributes to elevation of BP in obese patients.

How does adipose tissue contribute to high blood pressure in obese individuals according to the text?

Angiotensin II.

What does "AGE" stand for in the context of adipose tissue and blood pressure, as clarified in the note?

Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α).

What cytokine's expression is increased in enlarged adipocytes of obese subjects?

Paracrine function.

What type of function is attributed to TNF-α in the context of adipose tissue?

May partially contribute to insulin resistance in obesity.

What potential role does TNF-α play in metabolic dysfunction related to obesity?

Contributes to systemic inflammation and insulin resistance.

What are the major contributions of Interleukin 6?

Directly impairs insulin signaling.

How does Interleukin 6 affect insulin action?

Primary physiological inhibitor of fibrinolysis.

What is the main function of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1?