whap unit 2

what 2 things did trade networks allow to be traded?

goods & ideas

4 main items that were traded on the silk roads

silk, horses, gold, cotton

what 2 animals were the main sources of transportation on the silk roads?

camels and horses

what negative item was traded along the silk roads?

spread of disease [smallpox and bubonic plague/black death]

what 2 religions benefited from the silk roads?

buddhism & christianity

who were the xiongnu?

nomads who raided Chinese settlements

why did han emperor wu open the silk roads?

to move goods efficiently

what period did the opening of the silk roads lead to?

pax romana (roman peace)

what did economic and political stability lead to for the Chinese?

increased demand for luxury goods from farther places (more trade)

why were camels so effective at moving goods?

they can withstand harsh desert conditions, travel 10 days without any water, & can carry 500 pounds

what did sailors need to successfully navigate the oceans?

strong understanding of wind patterns and storm systems; compass and astrolabe

what weather issue did the Indian ocean have that controlled the flow of travel in the summer?

monsoon winds from NE in winter & SE in summer

what was silk eventually used for in central Asia?

currency

what goods came from the east indies?

spices

what goods came from Rome?

glass beads

what goods came from china?

silk, ginger, lacquerware (natural plastic)

what are trade cities?

like gas stations for travelers

where is Kashgar and samarkand located?

west china

what products did Kashgar have to trade?

corn, rice, wheat, cotton, melons, grapes, apricots, peaches, cherries, cotton, silk textiles, leather wear, pottery

what religions had influence over samarkand?

islam

who destroyed samarkand in 1220?

genghis khan and the mongol armies

what religion restored samarkand and still controls it?

islam

what was the main reason “flying money” and bills of exchange (checks) were developed?

to pay for expenses without carrying heavy coins

what was the main effect of bills of exchange & paper currency?

increase of trade; it made it easier

what is the obvious problem with paper currency?

it can be ripped

how did Buddhism change as it spread on the silk road?

1. accepting gifts when og Buddhism didn’t care about worldly things

2. spread of Mahayana; buddha is God when og buddhism focuses on achieving enlightenment / nirvana

order of Chinese dynasties

song → yuan/mongols → ming

what route did Marco polo use to get into china?

silk roads

what leader did the polos meet in china?

kublai khan; he lead the yuan dynasty

how many ships & people did the polos have on their journey?

14 Chinese junks & 600 people

how many ships & people did zheng he have?

300 Chinese junks & 27,000 people

who helped Marco polo write his famous book?

another prisoner named rustichello who was a writer of romance stories

what were the 3 things about china Marco polo doesn’t mention in his book?

the great wall of china, foot binding, tea

what did Marco polo’s book serve as

a history/geography book

what cultures did Marco polo and zheng he see?

buddhism, islamic wedding, Hindu temples, drying cloth in china

what were the main effects of zheng he’s travels?

• expansion of indian ocean trade

• chinese diasporic communities throughout the indian ocean basin (on the coast of the indian ocean)

• advanced societies

• china isolates until 1976 [over 500 years] theory: fixing up junks

• established trade connections

• showed off china’s power

what were the main effects of Marco polo’s travels?

• europe learns a lot about asian culture

• europeans learn how hard it is to get to/from china [himalayas and 2 deserts]

• they wanna find an easier way to china/asia and so they travel the other way (columbus)

what are three technologies that helped increase trade in the Indian ocean?

• ports that were connected to other ports, cities, & trade routes

• dhow: boat that could withstand larger waves

• astrolabe and compass so traders could travel safely

what 3 cultures helped increase trade in the Indian ocean?

china; islam bc Muslim merchants

where are the Swahili states located, what did they trade, and how were they organized politically?

africa; they trade gold, ivory, and slaves; city-state was independant w a king/no empire

who was zheng he?

Chinese muslim maritime explorer from yunan (south china)

what continents did zheng he travel to?

asia, India, africa

why did the Chinese begin & end the travels of zheng he?

no one knows

diaspora

a spread of people

indigenous

native; originating from a place [ex: aztecs, aboriginals in australia]

what were the main legacies of zheng he’s travels?

diasporic communities all over indian ocean & increased trade

what advantages did zheng he’s junks have over those of Columbus’ ships?

rudder & compass, they don’t sink + faster and bigger

what are diasporic communities?

where merchants introduce their own cultural traditions into other cultures

possible reasons china closed off & burned zheng he’s records + stopped exploring

• expeditions were expensive

• he couldn’t find anything to impress china other than exotic animals & indian cotton

• china was the most advanced; nowhere else could beat them

• capital was moved from nankind to Peking (Beijing) to keep an eye on mongol threat from north

• deforestation (junks)

what were the two main African trading kingdoms?

ghana & mali in west africa

what were ghana & mali’s main exports?

gold & salt (they were in the desert; salt replaces sweat loss)

what religion influenced ghana & mali?

islam

what trade network did ghana and mali control?

silk road

what technology encouraged the trans-saharan route?

camel saddles; allowed camel to hold goods & evenly distribute the weight evenly on it’s back

what are caravans?

groups of merchants who traveled together on the routes

travelers in order

mansa musa 1324 (mali)

marco polo 1380 (Italy)

zheng he 1420 (china)

christopher columbus 1492 (Spain)

what is the title of mansa?

sultan / king

what is a ferba?

governor that ruled for mansa musa [organized kingdom into cities w governors]

why did mansa musa go on the Hajj?

one of islam’s pillars; he was muslim & wanted to fulfill the fifth pillar

griot

storyteller/historians who told stories orally

causes of growth of trans-saharan

• west Africa had a lot of gold

• had a lot of salt

• ghana & mali made it safe to travel the sahara

effects of the growth of the trans-saharan trade

• everyone thought there were tons of gold

• many cities rose along trade route

• afro-eurasia is connected through trade

• west africans became highly educated because timbuktu’s most valuable item was books + trade

where were the trans-saharan trade routes located?

north Africa → sahara desert → middle east → west africa

where is mali located & what did they trade?

west Africa; traded horse and metals

what was mali’s social structure?

royalty → elite classes → merchants →military/religious people → peasants → slaves

where was ibn battuta from?

morroco in north africa

why did ibn battuta go on his journey?

hajj/pilgrammage

how long was ibn battuta’s journey?

30 yrs

what continents did ibn battuta visit?

afro-eurasia

effects of ibn battuta’s travels

• islam: he learns about different practice around the world (cultural diffusion)

• the cultures in his book: islam, Christianity, judaism, Africa, asia

• he connected the silk roads, Indian ocean, & trans-saharan → increase of cultural diffusion; knowledge; trade

growth of Buddhism and how it influenced other belief systems

naturally spread through trade routes; ex of how it influenced other belief systems: diffusion w daoism = zen buddhism/chan buddhism

growth of islam in Africa

islam spread to Africa through the trans-saharan trade route

trade cities

byzantine capital: contantinople in europe

trans-saharan: timbuktu in mali

aztecs: tenochtitlan in north mexico

main effect of trade cities

cultural diffusion because of population growth

marco polo

traveled from Europe → china in 1271. stayed in china for 17 yrs for Kublai Khan then left to escort his daughter to Persia to get married, then got imprisoned otw back to italy

main consequences of Marco polo’'s travels

detailed descriptions of his experience in china so Europeans could understand the geography of Asia and their customs

ibn battuta

traveled from 1325-1354. first traveled from Morocco to mecca, then to Iran, Persia, the Arabian peninsula, and east Africa.

main consequences of ibn battuta

wrote in a journal and gave vivid descriptions of the places he visited that led the islamic world to gain knowledge about afro-eurasia and learn a variety of islamic practices.

technology

astrolabe, lateen sail, magnetic compass (overseas; no need to look at stars), paper currency

contiguous

connected

why do nomads migrate?

to feed flock

where do nomads always live near if they survive by trading?

by settled people

nomads are tough, why?

live close to nature and in harsh conditions

are nomads patriarchal?

less patriarchy; men hunted and went to war & women stayed home

why are mongols thought of as barbaric?

they didn’t have cities; lived in tents and were nomadic

who made the mongols successful at emerging from central Asia?

genghis khan

how did Genghis Khan unite groups?

based on merit (whoever did the best)

lower classes in his clan; killed rich people and become popular w the poor people

describe mongol empire’s size

largest land based empire

what happened to mongol empire after Genghis’ death? (great Khan 1206-1227)

they expanded; grandson mongke took over abbasids, kublai conquered song → yuan

what did the mongols fail to take?

north africa and india

what was the mongol army built on?

COWBOYS

army built on speed and archery (stirrups!)

what did towns and villages do when they heard the mongols were coming?

tell eachother; they surrender to escape slaughter

what makes a civilization

advanced technology (Chromebook)

advanced cities (Sacramento)

record keeping (document)

complex institutions (school)

specialized workers (teacher)

mongols view towards religion

didn’t force a religion on them bc they were so big; let them continue their beliefs

pax mongolica/mongol peace

lead to increased trade and diffusion because the empire was like a trade city; opened up goods, ideas, and cultures to be exchanged