Cellular Respiration

What are the two main catabolic pathways organisms use for cellular respiration?

Anaerobic cellular respiration and aerobic cellular respiration.

What is fermentation?

A type of anaerobic respiration that doesn't use oxygen and produces only 2 ATP per glucose.

What is the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration?

NAD+ is the main electron carrier that, when it gains electrons, becomes NADH and stores energy.

How many ATP are generated from NADH during aerobic cellular respiration?

Approximately 2.5 ATP per NADH.

What is the overall formula for aerobic cellular respiration?

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy.

Where does glycolysis occur?

In the cytoplasm.

What happens during the energy investment phase of glycolysis?

2 ATPs are used to convert 1 glucose molecule into 2 molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P).

What is produced during the energy payoff phase of glycolysis?

4 ATPs and 2 NADHs.

What are the net results of glycolysis per glucose in terms of energy order?

2 pyruvates, 2 NADH, 2 ATP.

What is pyruvate oxidation?

The process that takes place in the mitochondrial matrix where pyruvate loses CO₂ and is converted to acetyl-CoA.

How many acetyl-CoA are produced from one glucose during pyruvate oxidation?

2 acetyl-CoA.

What is the main purpose of the Citric Acid Cycle?

To fully oxidize the acetyl-CoA and produce electron carriers.

What are the net results of the Citric Acid Cycle for each glucose?

6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 4 CO2.

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

The stage of cellular respiration that produces most of the ATP by using an electron transport chain.

What is chemiosmosis?

The process of generating ATP through ATP synthase as H⁺ ions move from the intermembrane space back to the matrix.

What is feedback inhibition in cellular respiration?

When ATP and Citrate signal phosphofructokinase to stop or slow down cellular respiration when ATP supplies are high.

How many ATP can be generated from 2 NADH produced during glycolysis via shuttles?

32 ATP using NADH → NADH shuttle or 30 ATP using NADH → FADH₂ shuttle.

What is lactic acid fermentation?

A process where pyruvates from glycolysis are converted to lactate under limited oxygen conditions, producing lactic acid.

How do fats contribute to cellular respiration?

Fatty acids are converted into acetyl CoA, providing the most energy.

What macromolecule provides approximately 4 kcal/gram?

Carbohydrates and proteins both provide approximately 4 kcal/gram.

What occurs during biosynthesis related to cellular respiration?

The body uses energy not from food breakdown to support growth or build new structures.