CSD 326 - Final Exam

Outer Ear

pinna and external ear canal

Middle Ear

tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, & Eustachian Tube

Inner Ear

cochlea, scala vestibuli, scala media, scala tympani, Reissner's Membrane, Basilar Membrane, Organ of Corti and the Semicircular Canal

Conductive Hearing Loss

problem with the middle or outer ear

Air Conduction: Abnormal
Bone Conduction: Normal

What is the Air Conduction and the Bone Conduction like for an individual with conductive hearing loss?

Mixed Hearing Loss

a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss

Air Conduction: abnormal; problem in the ear canal and inner ear
Bone Conduction: Abnormal; better than air conduction

What is the Air Conduction and Bone Conduction like for an individual with mixed hearing loss?

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

problem with the inner ear and auditory nerve

Air and Bone Conduction: equally abnormal

What is the Air Conduction and Bone Conduction like for an individual with sensorineural hearing loss?

Count the Dot Audiogram

"The Speech Banana"; distributes how frequency and intensity impacts the ability to understand speech; they give us an idea of how much speech a client understands

Intensity

45dBSPL (soft speech) to 85 dBSPL (shout); on an audiogram, soft speech is at 30 and goes up to 70

Duration

long vs. short phonemes (/b/ vs. /sh/); syllable length; phrase/sentence length

Formant

resonances of the vocal tract; fundamental frequency is the lowest characteristic frequencies of a sound; harmonics and 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th, formants

Detection --> Discrimination --> Identification --> Comprehension

What is the hierarchy of auditory skills?

Detection

presence or absence of sound; you only have one part of the sound available to you

Discrimination

distinguishing one sound from another; there will be differences in duration, intensity, and frequency

Identification

the individual's ability to label a sound by repeating, writing, or pointing to a picture of it

Comprehension

the ability to understand an acoustic message by referencing it to knowledge of language; answering a question, following directions, telling a story; language is being folded in at this stage

visual, sign language, body language, eye contact, facial expression, lip/speech reading

what are the non-acoustic cues for speech perception?

Central Nervous System

brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System

nerves and nerve fibers

Cell Body

pulls information into the cell for processing

Dendrite

receive information from other cells or organs

Axon

carries the information that the cell wants to transmit away from itself; contains the myelin sheath which allows for the neural impulses to travel faster

Synapse

a small pocket of space between two cells where they can pass messages to communicate

Neuron to Neuron, Neuron to Receptor Cells, and Neuron to Effector Cells

where do synapses occur?

the larger the axon the faster the transmission

how does the diameter of the axon affect the speed of nerve impulses?

more myelin = faster transmission

how does the presence of myelin affect the speed of nerve impulses?

animal studies, EEG, observation of disordered brains, brain surgery, & PET scans

what are ways to determine the physiology of the brain?

PNS responds to external stimuli, CNS responds to sensory impulses, CNS sends out a motor response, acts on PNS again

how do the CNS and PNS work together?

Broca's Area

language center; motor role and important in expressive language

Wenicke's Area

processes receptive language

Heschyl's Gyrus

primary auditory cortex; processes incoming auditory information

External Noise Sources

traffic, grass cutting, kids at recessI

Internal Noise Sources

talking, moving desks, an AC unit

Signal to Noise Ratio

+ means the signal is above the noise
- means signal is below the noise

+ 6 - 12

what is the suggested signal to noise ratio for normal hearing children?

+ 20 - 30

what is the suggested signal to noise ratio for children with hearing loss?

+15

what signal to noise ratio does ASHA recommend for educational settings?

Reverbation

continuation of sound after it is produced due to reflection off of a hard surface

it is significant for individuals with hearing loss

how does reverbation impact learning?

kids with hearing loss, kids with otitis media, those with increased report of minimal hearing loss, children with auditory processing disorders, normal hearing children with other special needs

what groups could benefit from improved classroom acoustics?

Sound Level Meter

measures sound in an environment; indicates how many dBSPL an environment is producing