World History II: Age of Exploration to WWII Overview

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese explorer who led the first trip around the world (died before finishing)

Circumnavigate

To travel completely around the Earth

Plantation

Large farms that used slave labor

Missionary

People who traveled to spread their religion

Dutch East India Company

Dutch trading company with its own army and government powers

Spice Islands

Islands in Southeast Asia (Indonesia) that Europeans wanted to reach for spices like nutmeg, cloves, and cinnamon

Christopher Columbus

Tried to reach Asia by sailing west, accidentally found the Americas instead

Columbian Exchange

Trade between Old and New Worlds: Americas to Europe/Africa: corn, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, beans, peppers, avocados, sweet potatoes, pumpkins, pineapples; Europe/Africa to Americas: cattle, horses, pigs, wheat, rice, coffee, sugar, diseases

Triangle Trade

Three-way trade system: Europe to Africa: manufactured goods (metals, textiles, firearms, tools, alcohol); Africa to Americas: enslaved people; Americas to Europe: sugar, molasses, tobacco, cotton, furs, raw materials

Absolute monarch

A king/queen with complete power

Louis XIV

French 'Sun King' with absolute power

Divine Right

Belief that God gave kings the right to rule

Constitutional government

Government with limited power and laws

Charles I

English king executed for fighting Parliament

English Bill of Rights

Laws that limited the king's power in England

Oliver Cromwell

Military leader who ruled England after Charles I died

Ferdinand II

Catholic king who started the Thirty Years War

Absolutism

Time when kings ruled with no limits on their power

English Civil War

Parliament vs. King; Parliament won and limited royal power

Charles V

Spanish/Holy Roman Emperor who struggled with Protestant Reformation

Thirty Years War

Religious war in Germany; Catholics vs. Protestants: many died

Natural Rights

Rights all people are born with (life, liberty, property)

Social Contract

People give up some freedom for organized government

Popular Sovereignty

Government power comes from the people

Thomas Hobbes

People are naturally selfish; need strong government

John Locke

Government should protect natural rights; limited power is best

Montesquieu

Government should be split into three branches

Voltaire

Fought against inequality and injustice with his writing

Rousseau

Government should be freely elected with minimal control

Mary Wollstonecraft

Women should have equal education and rights

Adam Smith

Free market should regulate business (capitalism)

Ancien Regime

Old French system before revolution

Estates

Three social classes: clergy, nobles, everyone else

Estates-General

French parliament (hadn't met in 175 years)

Tennis Court Oath

Third Estate promised to create new constitution

Louis XVI

Weak French king during revolution

Robespierre

Led the Reign of Terror

Reign of Terror

Period of mass executions during French Revolution

Napoleon

Military hero who became Emperor of France

Enclosure

Large landowners took over small farms

James Watt

Improved the steam engine

Urbanization

People moving from farms to cities

Tenement

Crowded, dirty apartment buildings

Labor Union

Workers' groups fighting for better conditions

Socialism

People (not individuals) own businesses and factories

Communism

Classless society where community owns everything

Conservatism

Keep old ways (monarchy, church, social classes)

Liberalism

Support democracy, natural rights, and capitalism

Charles X

Unpopular French king overthrown in 1830

Napoleon III

Napoleon's nephew who ruled France

Louis Kossuth

Hungarian revolutionary leader

Otto von Bismarck

German leader who unified Germany

Realpolitik

Politics based on power, not principles

Kaiser

German Emperor

Reich

German Empire

Kulturkampf

Bismarck's fight against Catholic Church

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian nationalist with 'Red Shirts'

Imperialism

One country controlling another

Protectorate

Local rulers stay but follow European advice

Sphere of influence

Area where outside power has exclusive rights

T.E. Lawrence

British officer who led Arab revolts

Stalemate

Neither side can win

U-boats

German submarines

Militarism

Countries building up armies and weapons, preparing for war

Alliances

Countries making promises to defend each other in war

Nationalism

Extreme pride in your country; ethnic groups wanting independence

Western Front

Trench warfare between Germany vs. Britain/France

Eastern Front

Germany easily defeated unprepared Russia

Ottoman Empire

Allies fought Ottomans; Arab revolts led by Lawrence

Allied Powers

Britain, France, Russia, Italy, US

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

Treaty of Versailles

Harshly punished Germany; led to Nazi rise

Gestapo

Hitler's secret police

Nuremberg Laws

Laws that took away Jewish rights

Third Reich

Hitler's German Empire

Weimar Republic Problems

Bad economy, political chaos, inflation

Nazi Policies

Fascist dictatorship, racial hierarchy, rebuild economy

Appeasement

Britain let Hitler take land to avoid war (didn't work)

Major Battles

Pearl Harbor (US enters war), Stalingrad (Soviets lose most), D-Day (Allies invade France), Okinawa (last major battle)

Perfect example of absolute monarch; made nobles do embarrassing tasks

Louis XIV -

American Revolution

Colonies used Enlightenment ideas to break from Britain and create new government

Third Estate had no power but paid all taxes; France was broke... French Revolution

Causes -

Reign of Terror scared people; Napoleon took power; spread nationalism across Europe

Effects -

Work shifted from muscle power to machine power; people moved to cities

Life Changes -

New farming meant fewer farm workers needed

Agricultural Revolution -

Steam engines powered trains, ships, and factories

New Technology -

Cities became crowded, dirty, and dangerous

Urbanization -

Failed revolts spread nationalist ideas

Revolutions of 1830/1848 -

Bismarck used wars to unite German states

German Unification -

Cavour (north) and Garibaldi (south) united Italy

Italian Unification -

Europeans wanted colonies for raw materials, markets, and to spread culture

Why'd Europeans want colonies

Good: ended slavery, built schools; Bad: destroyed local culture, stole resources

British Imperialism -

Countries competing to control colonies and territory

Imperialism -

Italy vs. Austria in mountains; fighting in Balkans

Other Places in Europe -

Fighting in Africa and Asia over German colonies

The Colonies -