ap psyc

authoritative

high expectations, high warmth, parent seeks input from child

authoritarian

high expectations, low warmth, child may fear mistakes

permissive

low expectations, high warmth, parent may serve as a “friend”

neglectful

low expectations, low warmth; poor life outcomes predicted for kids

secure

high trust in self and others; uses parent as safe base to explore

avoidant

low trust in others, high trust in self, attempts to be independent

ambivalent

low trust in others & self; may be chaotic, aggressive, impulsive

disorganized

high trust in others, low trust in self; may display neediness

gender

attitudes, behaviors, and feelings a given culture associates with being male, female, both, neither

sex

biological and physiological characteristics that distinguish individuals as male, female, or intersex

temperament

an individuals characteristic, emotional reactivity, and intensity, observable from birth

maturation

automatic unfolding of biological development over time, regardless of experience or training

reflex

involuntary, automatic, and largely unconscious response to a stimulus

habituation

decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated or prolonged exposure

object permanence

a baby that lacks this wouldn’t look for a toy that fell out of sight

irreversibility

lack of understanding that actions or events can be reversed or undone

egocentrism

this quality would make it difficult to understand others needs

conservation

subject understands that changing a cup shape does not change water volume

theory of mind

a failed Sally Anne test suggests a subject lacks this

animism

subject might believe their toys feel emotions and pain

personal fable

common adolescent cognitive distortion where one believes they are unique, special, and invulnerable

imaginary audience

adolescent belief that others are focused on their appearance and behavior as much as they are

parallel play

engaging in side-by-side, often w/ similar objects, but without direct interaction or cooperative play

microsystem

immediate environment- family, peers, school, that shape development

macrosystem

societal environment, cultural values, laws, social institutions

mesosystem

level of interaction between two or more immediate systems

identity achievement

a state where one has actively explores various identity options and made a firm commitment

identity foreclosure

a state where one commits to an identity without exploring other options

identity moratorium

a state where one actively explores identities without making any firm commitments

identity diffusion

a state where one has not actively explored or committed to any particular identity

social clock

defined timetable that specifies the expected age for major life events

phoneme

basic unit of language; sound; examples: a, th, k, b

morpheme

basic unit of language that has meaning; example: a, the, -ed

visual cliff

experiment that suggests human babies acquire depth perception with experience

syntax

rules of how linguistic elements are placed in sentences in a language

imprinting

phase- sensitive early learning when an animal rapidly forms a specific, strong bond

ACE

early experiences of abuse, neglect, or trauma that may impact development

critical period

phase of life when input from environment is necessary for ideal development

trust vs. mistrust

erikson stage 1 (early infancy) concerned w/ the security of the world

autonomy vs. shame

erikson stage 2 (toddler age) figuring out what you should attempt to do

generativity vs. stagnation

erikson stage 7 (mid-life- 40-65 years) helping the next gen.

sensorimotor

piaget stage 1 - where a baby gains mental representations

formal operational

piaget stage 4- where a child can use hypothetical thought and advanced reasoning

industry vs. inferiority

erikson stage 4 (elementary age) finding out what you’re good at

identity vs. role confusion

erikson stage 5 (high school stage) figuring out who you are

concrete operational

piaget stage 3 - where a child regularly displays conservation

preoperational

piaget stage 2- where a toddler exhibits egocentrism

zone of prox. dev’t

vygotsky: the area/tasks where we need the help of the knowledgeable others

validity

extent to which a test, measurement, or study accurately measures what it is intended to measure

reliability

the consistency of measurement of a test or study

achievement test

test designed to measure what has been learned or accomplished in a specific subject area

aptitude test

test designed toi asses potential for future success in understanding and/or application

latent learning

learning that occurs without reinforcement, becomes evident when there is an incentive

law of effect

Thorndikes theory that positive consequences increase behavior and negative ones stop it

fixed interval

reinforcement happens after a specific length of time

variable interval

reinforcement happens after an unknown length

fixed ratio

reinforcement happens after an unknown number of resposes

NS to CS

yellow bell ringing triggers salivation

US to US

yellow bell transforms from meaningless to having the “special powers cape”

CS to CR

lemon powder causes salivation when in the mouth

discrimination

differntiating stimuli but distinct stimuli

generalization

tendency to revert back to innate behaviors after being trained to perform a new behavior

spontaneous recovery

sudden reappearence of a learned association after time

extinction

disconnection of a formerly associated stimuli

acquisition

the moment a learned association is made

counter-conditioning

pairing a desired reinforcer with an unpleasant stimuli to reduce fear or aversion

taste aversion

a form of classical conditioning where subject avoids harm or sickness through learning

teratogen

substance or process interfering with normal prenatal development