fuckass bio test puberty

What triggers the onset of puberty?

Puberty is triggered by the hypothalamus, which secretes Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH).

What is the function of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)?

GnRH stimulates the pituitary gland to release Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH).

Which hormones control male puberty changes?

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) control changes during male puberty.

What role does testosterone play in male puberty?

Testosterone stimulates the enlargement of the penis, deepening of the voice, growth of body hair, and increase in muscle size.

What are the effects of estrogen during female puberty?

Estrogen leads to enlargement of the vagina and uterus, development of breasts, and the beginning of the menstrual cycle.

What happens during the acrosome reaction in fertilization?

Enzymes from the sperm digest the zona pellucida of the egg, allowing sperm to penetrate.

Describe the cortical reaction during fertilization.

The zona pellucida hardens to prevent polyspermy after the sperm and egg membranes fuse.

What is the significance of the zygote in fertilization?

The zygote is formed when the sperm and egg nuclei fuse, marking the beginning of a new organism.

How does meiosis contribute to genetic variation?

Meiosis generates genetic variation through processes like crossing over and independent assortment.

What are the differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

Spermatogenesis produces many small, mobile sperm; oogenesis produces few, larger eggs with substantial cytoplasm.

What is hormonal feedback in the menstrual cycle?

Hormonal feedback occurs when the effects of hormones influence the production of more hormones, either increasing or decreasing their levels.

What is the role of FSH in female reproduction?

FSH stimulates the development of follicles in the ovaries and the production of estrogen.

What occurs during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

The corpus luteum develops and secretes progesterone, which thickens the endometrium in preparation for potential implantation.

What hormonal change triggers ovulation?

A rapid rise in Luteinizing Hormone (LH) triggers ovulation.

What do binding proteins on the egg cell do during fertilization?

Binding proteins on the egg cell bind to the proteins on the sperm cell, facilitating membrane fusion.

What occurs during the first step of in vitro fertilization (IVF)?

Down regulation: medications stop the pituitary gland from secreting FSH and LH, suspending the normal menstrual cycle.

What role does Luteinizing Hormone (LH) play in male puberty?

LH stimulates the production of testosterone from the Leydig cells in the testes.

How does estrogen affect puberty timing in females?

Estrogen regulates the timing of puberty, particularly in developing secondary sexual characteristics and the menstrual cycle.

What is the role of inhibin in male puberty?

Inhibin is produced by Sertoli cells and regulates sperm production by inhibiting FSH secretion.

How do androgens influence female puberty?

Androgens, while lower in females, support the development of pubic and axillary hair during puberty.

What hormonal changes occur at the onset of female puberty?

Increased levels of FSH and LH lead to the production of estrogen and the maturation of ovarian follicles.

What is the relationship between testosterone and muscle development in males during puberty?

Testosterone promotes increased muscle mass and strength as a part of male puberty.

What effect does progesterone have during female puberty?

Progesterone helps regulate the menstrual cycle and prepares the body for potential pregnancy.

How does hormonal feedback influence puberty progression?

Feedback mechanisms involving FSH, LH, estrogen, and testosterone help regulate the timing and progression of puberty.

What is the menstrual cycle?

The menstrual cycle is a monthly series of changes in the female reproductive system, preparing the body for potential pregnancy.

What are the four phases of the menstrual cycle?

The four phases are the menstrual phase, follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase.

What occurs during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?

In the follicular phase, follicles in the ovaries mature and estrogen levels increase, preparing for ovulation.

What happens during ovulation?

Ovulation is the release of a mature egg from the ovary, typically occurring around the middle of the menstrual cycle.

What changes occur in the endometrium during the menstrual cycle?

The endometrium thickens during the follicular phase and shed during menstruation if fertilization does not occur.

How long is the average menstrual cycle?

The average menstrual cycle lasts about 28 days but can range from 21 to 35 days.

What role do hormones play in the menstrual cycle?

Hormones like FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone regulate the various phases of the menstrual cycle.

What triggers the luteal phase in the menstrual cycle?

The luteal phase is triggered by the release of LH, leading to the formation of the corpus luteum.

What is the corpus luteum's role in the menstrual cycle?

The corpus luteum secretes progesterone, which helps maintain the uterine lining for possible implantation.

What happens if fertilization does not occur after ovulation?

If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates, progesterone levels drop, and menstruation begins.

What is a negative feedback loop in relation to progesterone?

A negative feedback loop occurs when high levels of progesterone inhibit the release of FSH and LH, preventing further ovulation and maintaining hormone balance.

What is a positive feedback loop in relation to progesterone?

A positive feedback loop involving progesterone enhances the secretion of hormones, such as during early pregnancy, to sustain the uterine lining and support the embryo.

What is a blastocyst?

A blastocyst is a structure formed in the early development of mammals, consisting of an inner cell mass that eventually becomes the embryo and an outer layer called the trophoblast, which develops into the placenta.

What are chorionic villi?

Chorionic villi are small, finger-like projections on the outer layer of the placenta that facilitate nutrient and gas exchange between the mother and developing fetus.