BSCL2012 Final (Labs 6-10)

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Enzymes

Molecules, typically Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

active site

has a shape that accommodates its shape to the substrate to bind the enzyme

Denaturation

loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or pH

positive control

Treatment with known response. positive result expected.

negative control

Control group where conditions produce a negative outcome.

Pepsin

chemical responsible for protein digestion

Protiens are made up of

amino acids connected by covalent peptide bonds

Protein Test (Biuret Test)

deeper purple= more peptide bonds

Lipid

fat/oils, steroids, cholesterol

emulsification

physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules, thereby the enzymes can digest the fat

Lipid test (Sudan IV)

red color on the top layer

Polysaccharides test: Iodine

purple/black=presence of startch

mouth

where digestion begins, amylase from saliva starts carbohydrate digestion

Pharynx

throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

Esophagus

passageway for food

stomach

secretes pepsin for protein in digestion and acid , churns to encourage digestion

small intestine

contains bile from gall bladder to emulsify fats; digestive enzymes from pancreas digest starch; absorbs nutrients to bloodstream

large intestine

absorbs water and salt to form feces

rectum

the final section of the large intestine, regulates elimination of feces/waste

liver

produces bile

gall bladder

stores bile

pancreas

organ that secretes pancreatic juices into the small intestine that assist in digestion

Energy

physical activity, basal metabolism, dynamic action of processing food

kcal

the food calorie used to represent a unit of food energy

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

the rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting

Specific Dynamic Action (SDA)

energy needed to process food

Body Mass Index (BMI)

a measure of body weight relative to height

appendicular skeleton

bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities

axial skeleton

the part of the skeleton that includes the skull and spinal column and sternum and ribs

smooth muscle

non-striated Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body.

skeletal muscle

striated voluntary muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones.

cardiac muscle

striated Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.

Trapezius

Elevates, depresses, retracts, and rotates the scapula; rotates the arm

biceps brachii

flexes forearm

adductor longus

adducts, flexes, and medially rotates thigh

quadriceps femoris group

extends leg at knee

Sartorius

Flexes thigh on hip

triceps brachii

extends forearm at elbow

Flexion

moving jointed parts toward each other

extension

moving jointed parts away

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

rotation

moving a body part around its axis

Circumduction

the circular movement at the far end of a limb

Inversion

turning foot inward

Eversion

turning foot outward

Homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

Lungs

two spongy organs, located in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, right is bigger than left

Alveoli

tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood

liver homeostasis

located under the lungs, made up of hepatic cells. filters for the blood ad regulates blood glucose levels, produces urea

after eating

high blood sugar, pancreases detects increase and releases insulin which causes liver to convert glucose to glycogen

before eating

low blood sugar pancreas releases glucagon signals liver to break down glycogen into glucose

type 1 diabetes

no production of insulin, blood is acidic, must take injections. juvinile

type 2 diabetes

adult onset, no cure but can be managed.

kidneys homeostasis

located in the back wall of abdomen, nephrons produce urine to remove waste

thoracic cavity

contains trachea, heart, diaphragm, and lungs

central tendon

central region of the diaphragm

umbilical vein

a vein present during fetal development that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta into the growing fetus

thymus gland

part of the lymphatic system that conditions T cells to react to foreign cells and aids in the immune response

Larynx

voice box sits atop the trachea

thyroid gland

produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth

left pleural cavity

contains left lung

right pleural cavity

contains right lung

pericardial cavity

contains the heart

bronchus

passageway leading from the trachea to a lung

abdominal cavity

contains primarily the major organs of digestion

peritoneum

membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

mesenteries

double-layered sheets of peritoneum support the organs

spleen

An organ that is part of the lymphatic system; it produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells.

duodenum

first part of the small intestine connected to the stomach

exocrine glands

produces and secretes pancreatic juice

endocrine gland

the pancreas secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon onto the bloodstream

bile duct

conducts bile to small intestine

cecum

first part of the large intestine

Epiglottis

A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.

ureters

The tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

urinary bladder

stores urine

urethra

Duct through which urine is discharged.

testes

male sex organs that manufacture sperm and produce hormones

Epididymis

A long, coiled duct on the outside of the testis in which sperm mature.

vas deferens

tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra

ejaculatory duct

tube through which semen enters the male urethra

seminal vesicles

two small glands that secrete a fluid rich in sugar that nourishes and helps sperm move

Spermatogenesis

production of sperm

Oogenesis

The production of mature egg cells.

Ovaries

primary sex organ of females where eggs and female sex hormones (estrogen and proestrogen) are produced

oviduct

Fallopian tube; tube that carries eggs from an ovary to the uterus

Uterus

Female organ of reproduction used to house the developing fetus.

Vagina

uterus empties into here

oocyte

a cell in an ovary that may undergo meiotic division to form an ovum.

vesicular follicle

provides for the maturation and release of fertilizable oocyte

corpus luteum

develops after the vesicular follicle has released its egg, and then later it deteriorates

STD/STI

sexually transmitted disease/infection

Types of STDs/STIs

bacterial- gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia

viral- HPV, HIV, Hepatitis C

Fungal/parasite- scabies, pubic lice

condoms

more than 98% effective at preventing an STD

female condom

Placed inside the vagina to provide a barrier between ovum and sperm. 95% effective

dental dams

small latex squares placed over the vulva during oral sex

curable stds

Bacterial