Enzymes
Molecules, typically Proteins that speed up chemical reactions
active site
has a shape that accommodates its shape to the substrate to bind the enzyme
Denaturation
loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or pH
positive control
Treatment with known response. positive result expected.
negative control
Control group where conditions produce a negative outcome.
Pepsin
chemical responsible for protein digestion
Protiens are made up of
amino acids connected by covalent peptide bonds
Protein Test (Biuret Test)
deeper purple= more peptide bonds
Lipid
fat/oils, steroids, cholesterol
emulsification
physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules, thereby the enzymes can digest the fat
Lipid test (Sudan IV)
red color on the top layer
Polysaccharides test: Iodine
purple/black=presence of startch
mouth
where digestion begins, amylase from saliva starts carbohydrate digestion
Pharynx
throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx
Esophagus
passageway for food
stomach
secretes pepsin for protein in digestion and acid , churns to encourage digestion
small intestine
contains bile from gall bladder to emulsify fats; digestive enzymes from pancreas digest starch; absorbs nutrients to bloodstream
large intestine
absorbs water and salt to form feces
rectum
the final section of the large intestine, regulates elimination of feces/waste
liver
produces bile
gall bladder
stores bile
pancreas
organ that secretes pancreatic juices into the small intestine that assist in digestion
Energy
physical activity, basal metabolism, dynamic action of processing food
kcal
the food calorie used to represent a unit of food energy
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
the rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting
Specific Dynamic Action (SDA)
energy needed to process food
Body Mass Index (BMI)
a measure of body weight relative to height
appendicular skeleton
bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities
axial skeleton
the part of the skeleton that includes the skull and spinal column and sternum and ribs
smooth muscle
non-striated Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body.
skeletal muscle
striated voluntary muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones.
cardiac muscle
striated Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.
Trapezius
Elevates, depresses, retracts, and rotates the scapula; rotates the arm
biceps brachii
flexes forearm
adductor longus
adducts, flexes, and medially rotates thigh
quadriceps femoris group
extends leg at knee
Sartorius
Flexes thigh on hip
triceps brachii
extends forearm at elbow
Flexion
moving jointed parts toward each other
extension
moving jointed parts away
Adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body
Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body
rotation
moving a body part around its axis
Circumduction
the circular movement at the far end of a limb
Inversion
turning foot inward
Eversion
turning foot outward
Homeostasis
process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
Lungs
two spongy organs, located in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, right is bigger than left
Alveoli
tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood
liver homeostasis
located under the lungs, made up of hepatic cells. filters for the blood ad regulates blood glucose levels, produces urea
after eating
high blood sugar, pancreases detects increase and releases insulin which causes liver to convert glucose to glycogen
before eating
low blood sugar pancreas releases glucagon signals liver to break down glycogen into glucose
type 1 diabetes
no production of insulin, blood is acidic, must take injections. juvinile
type 2 diabetes
adult onset, no cure but can be managed.
kidneys homeostasis
located in the back wall of abdomen, nephrons produce urine to remove waste
thoracic cavity
contains trachea, heart, diaphragm, and lungs
central tendon
central region of the diaphragm
umbilical vein
a vein present during fetal development that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta into the growing fetus
thymus gland
part of the lymphatic system that conditions T cells to react to foreign cells and aids in the immune response
Larynx
voice box sits atop the trachea
thyroid gland
produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth
left pleural cavity
contains left lung
right pleural cavity
contains right lung
pericardial cavity
contains the heart
bronchus
passageway leading from the trachea to a lung
abdominal cavity
contains primarily the major organs of digestion
peritoneum
membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
mesenteries
double-layered sheets of peritoneum support the organs
spleen
An organ that is part of the lymphatic system; it produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells.
duodenum
first part of the small intestine connected to the stomach
exocrine glands
produces and secretes pancreatic juice
endocrine gland
the pancreas secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon onto the bloodstream
bile duct
conducts bile to small intestine
cecum
first part of the large intestine
Epiglottis
A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.
ureters
The tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
urinary bladder
stores urine
urethra
Duct through which urine is discharged.
testes
male sex organs that manufacture sperm and produce hormones
Epididymis
A long, coiled duct on the outside of the testis in which sperm mature.
vas deferens
tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra
ejaculatory duct
tube through which semen enters the male urethra
seminal vesicles
two small glands that secrete a fluid rich in sugar that nourishes and helps sperm move
Spermatogenesis
production of sperm
Oogenesis
The production of mature egg cells.
Ovaries
primary sex organ of females where eggs and female sex hormones (estrogen and proestrogen) are produced
oviduct
Fallopian tube; tube that carries eggs from an ovary to the uterus
Uterus
Female organ of reproduction used to house the developing fetus.
Vagina
uterus empties into here
oocyte
a cell in an ovary that may undergo meiotic division to form an ovum.
vesicular follicle
provides for the maturation and release of fertilizable oocyte
corpus luteum
develops after the vesicular follicle has released its egg, and then later it deteriorates
STD/STI
sexually transmitted disease/infection
Types of STDs/STIs
bacterial- gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia
viral- HPV, HIV, Hepatitis C
Fungal/parasite- scabies, pubic lice
condoms
more than 98% effective at preventing an STD
female condom
Placed inside the vagina to provide a barrier between ovum and sperm. 95% effective
dental dams
small latex squares placed over the vulva during oral sex
curable stds
Bacterial