the unit 5!

What intellectual movement provided the ideological framework for revolutions during the Enlightenment period?

The Enlightenment.

Define Rationalism in the context of the Enlightenment.

Rationalism is the belief that reason, rather than emotion or external authority, is the most reliable source of true knowledge.

What is Empiricism?

Empiricism is the idea that true knowledge is gained through the senses, mainly through rigorous experimentation.

What were some of the main areas of advancement during the Scientific Revolution?

The understanding of the cosmos and the internal workings of the human body.

Define Deism.

Deism is the belief in a God who created the world but does not intervene in it.

What are natural rights according to Enlightenment thinkers?

Individual humans are born with certain rights that cannot be infringed upon by government or any other entity.

Who argued that all humans were born with the natural rights of life, liberty, and property?

John Locke.

What is the Social Contract theory?

Human societies must construct a government of their own will to protect their natural rights, and if that government becomes tyrannical, people have the right to overthrow it.

What role did Enlightenment ideas play in major revolutions of the period?

They created the ideological context for revolutions such as the American, French, Haitian, and Latin American revolutions.

Define Nationalism.

Nationalism is a sense of commonality among a people based on shared language, religion, social customs, and often linked with a desire for territory.

What was the effect of the Enlightenment on suffrage in the U.S.?

Laws were passed recognizing the right of all white males to vote, and later, black males gained the right to vote.

What movement criticized slavery during the Enlightenment?

The abolitionist movement, which argued slavery violated people's natural rights.

What was the significance of the Great Jamaica Revolt?

This massive slave rebellion played a significant role in Britain's decision to abolish slavery throughout their empire.

What was the primary cause of revolutions during this period?

Rise of Nationalism.

What does popular sovereignty mean?

Power to govern is in the hands of the people.

What triggered the American Revolution?

Taxation without representation and the curtailment of previously enjoyed freedoms under British rule.

What document showcased Enlightenment principles during the American Revolution?

The Declaration of Independence.

Who led the Haitian Revolution and eventually defeated the French?

Toussaint Louverture.

What sparked the Latin American Revolutions?

Resentment from the Creole class toward the increasing control by Spanish and Portuguese empires.

What was the Meiji Restoration?

A state-sponsored program of industrialization in Japan as a defensive measure against Western domination.

What was the main energy source of the First Industrial Revolution?

Coal.

What was the primary invention that powered the factories during the First Industrial Revolution?

The steam engine.

Define Trans-National Corporations.

Companies established in one country but have operations in many other countries.

What was a key effect of industrial capitalism on Western nations by 1900?

A rising standard of living and greater access to consumer goods.

What did Karl Marx argue about capitalism?

He believed capitalism would lead to a class struggle and an eventual revolution by the lower classes (proletariat).

What was the Self-Strengthening Movement in China?

A series of reforms that sought to take steps toward industrialization and revitalize Chinese culture.

What were the Tanzimat reforms?

Ottoman reforms that aimed for modernization, including building textile factories and implementing Western legal codes.

What social class emerged as the wealthiest due to industrialization?

The industrialists or captains of industry.

What challenges did the industrial working class face?

Dangerous working conditions, overcrowded living conditions, and the spread of disease.

Why did many women work during the Industrial Revolution?

Because their husbands' wages were insufficient to support the family.

What health crisis resulted from overcrowded urban areas during industrialization?

Rapid spread of diseases such as typhoid and cholera.