D515: Exam 1 High Yield

The extracellular matrix of a eukaryotic cell consists of what basic components?

Proteins (Collagen)

Glycoproteins (Proteoglycans and Fibronectin

Polysaccharides (Hyaluronic Acid)

There are multiple types of storage granules found in the cytoplasm of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. What are they, and what do they contain?

Glycogen (Sugars)

Poly-beta-hydroxybutyric Acid (Lipids)

Poly-hexametaphosphate (Phosphates)

What part of the endospore is most responsible for the protection of DNA?

The calcium-diicolinic acid complex found within the core

What part of the endospore is most responsible for the spore’s resistance to chemicals?

The coat

Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes have a cytoplasmic membrane, though they have a few key differences. What are they?

The CM of prokaryotes does not contain sterols or glycoproteins

The CM of prokaryotes is more negatively charged

The CM of prokaryotes contains different types of lipids

The cell walls of mycobacterium are unique, in that they contain equal amounts of PG and another sugar/lipid complex. What is this substance?

Arabinogalactan

What is an endotoxin? How does this relate to gram negative cells?

A toxin that is released from a dying cell. When LPS is released from a gram negative cell, the LPS itself becomes an endotoxin. Endotoxins are only found in gram negative cells.

When are vesicles created in a bacterial cell? From where are they derived?

They can be created whenever, but especially in times of environmental stress or antibiotic exposure. In gram negative cells, vesicles are derived from the OM, while in gram positive they are derived from the CM with the help of autolysins.

Fimbriae and pili can be found in ____, while cilia can be found in.

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

Although the cytoplasmic membrane of bacterial cells does not contain glycoproteins and polysaccharides, another part of their structure does? What is this structure?

The glycocalyx

What is an auxotroph?

A bacterium that cannot synthesize a specific essential organic compound. As a result, it requires that compound to be supplied externally in its growth medium or other species.

Both diffusion and facilitated diffusion are possible in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, though one of these is less common in one cell type. Which is it?

Facilitated diffusion is less common in prokaryotes

ABC Transporters are involved with both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Part of an ABC transporter’s functions include export and import of materials. Which of these correspond to cell type? Effluxing is what?

Prokaryotes do import and export

Eukaryotes usually just do export.

PIE and EE

Effluxing is exporting

What type of secondary transport is found only in prokaryotes? What are its characteristics?

TRAP transporters

Uses an electrochemical gradient

Needs a substrate-specific binding protein

Acts like a symport with an SBP for organic acids basically

What is an example of group translocation? In what cell type is this found? How about oxygen requirements? What does it do?

PEP-PTS

Prokaryotes - facultative anaerobes and anaerobes

Transport of sugars at the expense of an ATP (like xylitol) across the cell membrane through phosphorylation

Oxidation reactions usually correspond with ____ while reduction usually corresponds with ____.

Substrate level phosphorylation

Electron transport-coupled phosphorylation

Catabolism is divided into both a ____ and ____ process. Which part includes respiration and fermentation.

Oxidative

Reductive

What is an amphibolic pathway?

A metabolic route that functions in both catabolism and anabolism—meaning it can break down molecules to release energy and build up molecules for biosynthesis. Examples are glycolysis or the TCA cycle.