National 5 Biology - Proteins and Enzymes

Flashcards for National 5 Biology - Proteins and Enzymes, covering command words, scientific theory, enzyme function, and factors affecting enzyme activity.

State, identify or name

Usually requires a short answer.

Predict

Say what will happen in the future by extending a line on a graph or using values or patterns in a table.

Compare

To identify what is the same or different about two things.

Describe

Provide a short statement using your biology knowledge; say what you see.

Explain

Use your biology knowledge to describe a reason for the information given – ‘why’ something is happening.

Suggest a reason

Suggest why something is happening using your biology knowledge.

Draw a conclusion

Make a statement that summarises the results of an experiment and makes reference to the AIM (means the same as conclude).

Calculate

Determine a number from given facts, figures or information

Independent variable

The variable you are changing

Dependent variable

The variable you are measuring

Accurate

Use more precise measurements

Control

Set up to compare results of an experiment when no treatment is applied.

Validity

Other variables are controlled (kept the same) to ensure any effect is likely to be due to the variable being changed.

Reliability

Where consistent values in repeats of experiments are obtained. Results are made more reliable by repeating the experiment and calculating an average.

Enzymes

Found in living cells, specific, speed up reactions in cells and remain unchanged by the reaction.

Enzyme Action

The specific action of enzymes for their substrates.

Catalase

The enzyme which breaks down Hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water.

Amylase

The enzyme which breaks down starch into maltose.

Phosphorylase

The enzyme which builds up starch from glucose-1-phosphate.

Test for Starch

A test using Iodine (brown -> blue/black colour change)

Test for Sugar (glucose)

A test using Benedict’s solution (colour change blue -> brick red)

Enzymes in biological powders

Enzymes that digest stains used in biological powders.

Rennet

Changes milk into curds and whey and is used in the cheese making industry.

Biological catalysts

Speed up cellular reactions and are unchanged in the process..

Substrate

The thing that the enzyme acts on.

Active site

The part of the enzyme that binds to the substrate.

Products

The result of enzyme action

High Temperature Effect

Enzymes are denatured by high temperatures.

Optimum conditions

Enzymes work best in optimum conditions.

Enzyme Catalase

Enzymes that breaks down Hydrogen Peroxide into oxygen and water.

Catalyst

Speeds up the rate of chemical reactions but remains unchanged by the process.

Hormones

Proteins which act as chemical messengers

Antibodies

Proteins which bind to pathogens and destroy them

Enzyme Active Site

The shape of the active site of an enzyme is complementary to its specific substrate(s).

Degradation Enzymes

Enzymes that break down large molecules into smaller molecules.

Synthesis Enzymes

Enzymes that build up smaller molecules into larger molecules.

Rennet

An enzyme which makes milk curdle.