civil liberties

Apple vs. FBI (San Bernardino):

During the 2016 San Bernardino terrorist attack investigation, Apple CEO Timothy Cook refused to cooperate and override the iPhone's security features at the FBI's request because he reasoned that such a hack could open up all iPhones to potential security vulnerabilities.

Omitting the Bill of Rights

George Mason and others believed that omitting the Bill of Rights would deter many states from adopting the Constitution.

Bill of Rights Ratification (1791):

It was made up of ten amendments

Civil Liberties Definition:

Powers and privileges guaranteed to the individual and protected against arbitrary removal at the hands of the government or other individuals

Location of Rights and Liberties

The rights and liberties guaranteed by the Constitution are found in the Bill of Rights and the first section of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Palko v. Connecticut

The Supreme Court ruled that Frank Palko's Fifth Amendment protection against double jeopardy was not a fundamental right the state of Connecticut had to follow

Bill of Rights Limits (Original):

• When adopted, the Bill of Rights imposed limits on the national government, but not on state governments.

Fourteenth Amendment

• Has been construed to provide protection for the individual from the actions of a repressive state government.

Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause:

• States are now obligated to protect most provisions of the Bill of Rights as a result of the Supreme Court's interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment's due process clause.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

• Established the right to nondiscrimination in public accommodations and employment opportunity.