AP Human Geography Unit 7 - Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Processes

Primary Economic Sector

Extraction of raw materials and natural resources from the earth's surface.

Secondary Economic Sector

Processing and Manufacturing raw materials into a finished product

Tertiary Economic Sector

Service based sector that focuses on moving, selling, and trading products, in Primary and Secondary Sectors

Quaternary Economic Sector

Knowledge-Based Sector, focusing on research and information creation and transfer.

Quinary Economic Sector

Highest Level of decision making includes top officials in government and business.

MDC

More Developed Countries

Exp. Japan, Germany, U.S.A

LDC (Less Developed Country)

Less Developed Countries

Exp. Afghanistan, Pakistan, Laos

Per Capita

Per person

Gross

Total

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Total Value of officially recorded goods and services by the citizens and corporations within a countries borders in a given year.

Equation = Goods + Services = GDP

Gross National Product (GNP)

Total Value of goods and services by the citizens and corporations of a country as well as foreign investments in a given year.

Equation = Domestic + International Goods = GNP

Gross National Income (GNI)

Most accurate measure of wealth because it accounts for the impacts of trade.

Equation = GDP + (Exports-Imports) = GNI

Formal Economy

Regulated and/or taxed by the government and included in GDP & GNI

Informal Economy

Mostly Illegal Products that are sold and/ or not regulated by the government.

The Gini Coefficient

Measures the distribution of Income within a population.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Calculation of the average number of Children per Woman in her Child Bearing Years.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The number of deaths of Infants under 1 in a given year per 1000 births.

Life Expectancy

Average number of years a person is expected to live based on mortality rates when they were born

Human Development Index (HDI)

Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education, and life expectancy

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

An indicator constructed by the U.N. to measure the extent of each country's gender inequality in terms of reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market.

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)

Rate of women who die during pregnancy or within one year of pregnancy due to pregnancy related complications for every 100,000 births.

Adolescent Fertility Rate (AFR)

The number of births per 1000 women aged 10-19 years old

Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth

All countries develop in a five-stage process. Development cycle initiated by investment in a takeoff industry that allows the country to grow a comparative advantage, sparks greater economic gain that eventually diffuses throughout the country's economy.

Stage 1 of Rostow's Theory - Traditional Society

Local Trades , Rural Settings , Little Technology with Limited Wealth.

Exp. Medieval Europe

Stage 2 of Rostow's Theory - Pre Conditions to Take Off

Small Scale Global Trade, Mechanized Farming, Beginning of Urbanization.

Exp. Nigeria

Stage 3 of Rostow's Theory - Take Off

Major export industry, Advancements in Technology, Urbanized, High Output Opportunities

Exp. Philippines, India, Vietnam

Stage 4 of Rostow's Theory - Drive to Maturity

Population growth declines, Investment in social infrastructure, urbanized, High output opportunities

Exp. Brazil,Russia, China

Stage 5 of Rostow's Theory - High Mass Consumption

Population goes into a negative growth, people spend money on non needed goods, high levels of power consumption

Exp. Japan , U.S

Core - Periphery Model

A model of the spatial structure of development in which underdeveloped countries are defined by their dependence on a developed core region.

Brandt Line

a line that divides the North and the South. It shows the divide between the more developed regions and the less developed regions.

Dependency Theory

a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones

Complementarity

when two regions through an exchange of commodities can specifically satisfy each others demands

Comparative Advantage

The ability of a country to produce a good at a lower cost than another country can.

Neoliberal Trade Policies

trade policies that favor free market economies and privatization over governmental control

Supranational Organizations

cooperating groups of nations that operate on either a regional or international level.

Weber's Least Cost Theory

theory that described the optimal location of a manufacturing firm in relation to the cost of transportation, labor, and advantages through agglomeration

Agglomeration

Grouping together of many businesses from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources.

Multiplier Effect

An effect in economics in which an increase in spending produces an increase in national income and consumption greater than the initial amount spent.

Non-Basic Jobs

Jobs that serve the city and its hinderland

Basic Jobs

Jobs that export outside of hinderland and cities.

SEZs

Special Economic Zones, allowed foreign investment and private individuals to own factories

Export Processing Zones

zones established by many countries in the periphery and semi-periphery where they offer favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to attract foreign trade and investment

Free Trade Zones

A region where a group of countries has agreed to reduce or eliminate trade barriers

Maquiladoras

The term given to zones in northern Mexico with factories supplying manufactured goods to the U.S. market. The low-wage workers in the primarily foreign-owned factories assemble imported components and/or raw materials and then export finished goods. 35 miles within U.S border

Offshoring

Moving operations from the country where a company is headquartered to a country where pay rates are lower but the necessary skills are available.

Outsourcing

A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers.

Fordism

System of standardized mass production attributed to Henry Ford.

Post-Fordism

Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks.

Just In Time Delivery

Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed

Ecotourism

A form of tourism, based on the enjoyment of scenic areas or natural wonders, that aims to provide an experience of nature or culture in an environmentally sustainable way.