reproductive system

characteristic of sex cells (gametes / gonads)

haploid, meaning they contain half the number of chromosomes compared to diploid cells, which are typical body cells.

men have accessory sex organs that

nourish gametes & transport them toward the outside of the body

scrotum contains __

testes

what helps with regulating the temperature of the scrotum

the smooth muscle

what is contained in the testes

seminiferous tubules

where is sperm produced

in the seminiferous fluid

sustentacular cells

protect & nourish spem cells

what surrounds the tubules

interstitial cells, which produce testosterone

sperm cell has

acrosome, head, midpoece, flagellum

ducts

that carry sperm from the testes to the urethra.

epididymis (male)

A coiled tube located at the back of each testis where sperm mature and are stored before ejaculation.

ductus (vas) deferens

The duct that transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra

what gets cut in vasectomy

urethra

The tube that carries urine from the bladder and sperm from the reproductive system out of the body.

glands - seminal vesiclles

Produce seminal fluid that nourishes and helps transport sperm.

fructose, alkaline fluid, prostaglandins

prostaglandins

stimulate smooth muscles lining female reproductive tract and enhance sperm motility.

prostate gland

Regulates pH for sperm, factors that enhance motility, can enlarge in 50% of men over 50 & press on the bladder

bulbourethral glands

secrete a pre-ejaculate fluid that lubricates and neutralizes acidity in the urethra.

semen

1 ml = 50 million to 130 million sperm

100 million - 780 million per ejaculation

emission

movement of spermatozoa & fluids into the urethra

ejaculation

forceful expulsion of semen from urethraduring orgasm, involving contractions of pelvic muscles.

corpora cavernosa

2 dorsal columns

nerve impulses trigger the release of nitric oxide → causes arteries to dialte, veins are compressed

corpus spongiosum

ventral colum

also forms the glans Penis

surrounds urethra

prepuce

foreskin

hypothalamus - gonadotropin

releasing hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

anferior pituitary - gonadotropin

hormone that produces FSH and LH

and regulates reproductive functions.

lutenizing hormone

hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that triggers ovulation in females and stimulates testosterone production in males.

follicle stimulating hormone

hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in females and sperm production in males.

androgens

male sex hormones (testosterone)

testosterone characterisitcs

Secondary sex characteristics (think puberty))

ovaries

The female reproductive organs that produce eggs and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.

medulla

The innermost part of the ovary, involved in the production of hormones and supporting reproductive function.

cortex

The outer part of the ovary, which contains follicles that develop eggs and produce hormones.

h

how many eggs are women born with

1 million

at puberty, women have

approximately 400,000 eggs in ovaries

women release 1 egg every

28 days from pubertyp

ovum

mature egg

steps of ovulation

The process involving the maturation of the follicle, release of an egg, and the subsequent preparation of the uterus for potential implantation.

follicular phase

egg moves to surface of ocary

increased estrogen level

and preparation for ovulation.

follicle

A fluid-filled sac in the ovary that contains an immature egg (ovum) and is involved in the ovulation process.

ovulation

release of egg from a ruptured follicle into the fallopian tube

can survive 48 hours

luteal phase

the phase following ovulation where the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone & estrogen to prepare the uterus for potential implantation.

thickens uterine linning

menstruation

corpus luteum stops producing estrogen & progesterone

discharge endometrium (inner lining of uterus)

fallopian tubes - infundibulum

The funnel-shaped opening at the end of the fallopian tube helps capture the released egg during ovulation and directs it into the tube for potential fertilization.

fallopian tubes - fimbiae

Finger-like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes that help guide the egg into the tube during ovulation.

cilia sweep oocyte into tube from peritoneal cavity

where does fertilization occur

in the fallopian tubeswhen the sperm meets the egg.

tubal ligation

A surgical procedure that involves cutting or blocking the fallopian tubes to prevent pregnancy by stopping eggs from reaching the uterus.

uterus - endometrium

mucosal layer, columnar epitheliem, tubular glands

uterus - myometrium

smooth muscle

uterus - perimetrium

serosal layer

cervix

lower 1/3 of uterus, extends into upper region of vagina

cervical orifice

vagina 3 layers

the vaginal mucosa, muscular layer, and fibrous layer.

muscle layer of vagina

the layer responsible for contraction and expansion during intercourse and childbirth.

voluntary

external anatomy of female reproductive area is called

the vulva.

labia majora

the larger, outer folds of skin that protect the clitoris and vaginal openings.

labia minora

the smaller, inner folds of skin that protect the vaginal opening and urethra.

clitoris

contains corporate cavernosa (erectile tissue) & a highly sensitive regionv

vestibular glands

secrete lubricating mucus, correspnd to bulbourethral glands in malessecrete lubricating mucus, corresponding to bulbourethral glands in males

perineum

the area between the vagina and the anus in females, and between the scrotum and anus in males.

steps of development

fertilization/ conception → mitosis → differentriation

prenatal development

the stages of development from fertilization until birth, including the embryonic and fetal periods.

fetal development

2 months to birth

postnatal development

birth → maturity

fertilixation

the process by which a sperm cell unites with an egg cell, leading to the formation of a zygote.

gestation 1st tromester

begninning of all major organs

gestation 2nd trimester

organ & organ system develpments

by end, fetus looks humang

gestation 3rd trimester

fetal growth

adipose tissue deposited

most organ systems functional

1st trimester - blastomeres

are the early cells formed after fertilization, which undergo rapid division and development before forming the blastocyst.

1st trimester - after 3 days of cleavage

the blastomeres form a solid ball of cells called the morula, which eventually develops into the blastocyst.

1st trimester - blastocyst

a hollow sphere of cells formed from the morula, which implants into the uterine lining and begins to form the placenta.

1st trimester - implantation

the process by which the blastocyst attaches itself to the uterine lining, allowing for further development and establishment of pregnancy.

1st trimester - placenta develops

comes from chronic cilli near uterine wall

1st trimester - amnion develops

amniotic fluid surrounds and protects the developing embryo, forming a sac that cushions it during pregnancy.

human chorionic gonadotropin

produced by blastocyte, it supports the corpus luteum and maintains progesterone production during early pregnancy.

measured for pregnancy tests

inhibits pituitary release of LH & FSH

placenta

estrogen and progesterone keep uterine lining in place, lactogen = milk, relaxin = loosens ligaments

fetal stages - 2 months

large head, short limbs, face forms

fetal stages - 3 months

body lengthens, head growth slows, upper limbs lengthen, ossification begins

12th week → external reproductive organs are distinguishable

fetal stages - 4 moths

fetus will react to light and noise

lower limbs lengthen, ossification continues

fetal stages - 5 mothns

skeletal muscles contract, hair on head grows

fetal stages - 6 months

growth, eyebrows, eyelashes

fetal stages - 7 months

growth, adipose, EYELIDS separate

3rd trimester - 8 months

brain cells connect, organs specialize & grow, adipose, respiratory and digestive systems mature last

3rd trimester - 9 moltnhs

ossified skull, nails develop

baby positions head down

blood comes in though umbilical vein

and supplies oxygen and nutrients to the fetus. It returns to the placenta through the umbilical arteries.

.5 to liver and .5 to ductus venosus → inferior vena cava or pulmonary trunk

braxton hicks contractions

false labor, so not increase in strength & frequency

mucus plug

released by dilation of the cervix to seal the cervical canal and protect the uterus from infections during pregnancy.

water break

amniotic sac ruptures

when does cervix begin to thin

2 weeks prior to birth

as the placenta ages

progesterone levels drop causing uterine contractions to increase and eventually trigger labor.

dilation

the process in which the cervix opens to allow passage of the baby during childbirth.

8 hours

expulsion

dilation to 1 cm

contraction 2-3 min intervals for 1 min

placental

separation occurs when the placenta detaches from the uterine wall, leading to the delivery of the baby.

The decrease of progesterone, estrogen, and inhibin combine to tell the body to release the lining of the uterus.

true

which of the following terms apply to the development of female eggs after the primary oocyte has been made?

oogenesis and meiosis

Prostaglandins are localized hormones (produced by the seminal vesicles and contained in semen) that communicate with the tissues in the female reproductive tract.  They stimulate smooth muscle contractions that will help move the semen into the female reproductive tract and closer to an ovum.  This increases the likelihood of successful fertilization.

true

The scrotum is under the conscious control of the male.

false, smooth muscle is controlled autonomically

spermatogenesis

meiosis that produces four sperm cells

vas deferens

tubes for transporting sperm from testes to urethra

epididymus

where sperm are stored and mature

semen

combination of sperm and seminal fluids

seminiferous tubules

site of sperm production