Enlightenment full (U3)

France after Louis XIV

• France remained a great power after the War of the Spanish Succession, less strong though

• France may have been drained of resources by the previous wars, but so were the other states

John Law and Mississipi Bubble

• Duke of Orleans regent for Louis XV, gave financial role to John Law

• Tried to increase paper money, stock market crash, cooked economy

Duke of Orleans & the Parlements

• Lessened Monarchy power and gave it to the Parlements

• Cardinal Fleury after he died

Scientific Revolution

• Established new view of the universe. Wasn’t rapid or huge

2 things that influenced Scientific Revolution

• The Reformation questioned many medieval ideas, and the interaction with the new world brought in wholly new information.

Nicholas Copernicus

• Said the universe was heliocentric, wrong about circular orbits and epicycles

Tycho Brahe

• Made hybrid system where the planets orbited the Sun but the planets and Sun also orbited Earth. Did tons of experiments and research

Johannes Kepler

• Used heliocentric model and Brahe’s data to create the first motion model of the planets. New problem, he couldn’t explain why planets' orbits were elliptical (Newton explained)

Galileo

• Used telescope for the first time, discovered details on moon. Discovered jupiters moons. Advocated for a system of a universe subject to rational laws

Newton

• Discovered gravity, solved why planets moved in orderly fashion.’

Nature as a mechanism

• Idea of nature being mechanical, rational, like a clock with gears set in place, was set in place

Francis Bacon:

• Advocated for experimenting and then using results, instead of pure deductive reasoning. Called empiricism

• Attacked scholastic belief that truth was already discovered and only required explanation

Renee descartes:

• Father of modern philosophy, cogito ergo sum, thinking makes God real etc.

• Father of analytical geometry using coordinate plane

Thomas Hobbes

• Humans were terrible in a state of nature, wrote leviathan saying that absolute monarchs/governments are needed to keep people in check. 

• Created copy of the social contract

John Locke

• Believed in natural rights of life liberty and property

• Argued social contract made governments legit, State of nature isnt terrible, and wanted limited powers, religious toleration, and right to rebel

Galileos Case

Roman Inquisition went after Galileo because Copernicanism challenged the bible, galileo was tortured and out on house arrest. Betrayed pope urban his friend and then was doomed to be arrested

Blaise Pascal

• Pascals wager, if you are good and there is no God then there is eternal nothing, if you are bad and there is a god there is eternal damnation. Be good as it is better odds

• Believed loving God improved life psychologically

• Both science and scripture were needed

Slave Trade Triangle

• African slaves sold in markets on the wst african coast, sold to Europeans for guns, brought to Americas and exchanged for sugar, goods, etc

Experience of Slavery

• Middle passage was the passage across the atlantic with cramped ships, no food, water, rampant with disease. Many people died on this.

Language and Culture (slave)

• Each island/region had its own african language, would take more than 2 generations for colonial language, and that was often a melting pot of both languages

• Africans had shared community services like prayers, elected their own kings and queens even, plated their own instruments

Slave Laws:

• Master always given priority over the slave, they always feared revolt

Conversion: (slave)

• Most Africans brought to the Americas became christian, both forms taught them to accept their slaver, some African customs brought their way through

War of Jenkins ear

• Spanish boarded an English boat to look for contraband, fight came and Jenkins ear was cut off. He appeared before Parliament and merchants/planters lobbied for a war. Minor war

War of Austrian Succession

• Maria Thereasa came up to the throne, Silesia invaded by Prussian Frederick II

• Maria went to Hungary and received troops and support for the war

• French hated Austria, joined Prussians, English hated French, joined the Austrians

Treaty of Aix la Chapelle

• Gave Prussians Silesia and ended the war

• Britain and French fought in the Ohio River valley, called the French and Indian war

• Before war started there was an alliance switch

Convention of Westminster

• George II scared he would lose Hanover territory, signed the convention of westminster making an alliance with Prussia

Diplomatic rev 1756

• French switched sides to the Austrian alliance after Westminster.

7 years war

• Frederick II invaded Saxony, France and Austria saw this as an attack and were joined by Russia, Sweden etc

• Prussia saved because Tsar Peter III glazed frederick, made immediate amends

• Treaty of Hubertusburg ended the war in urope, Frederick dubbed Frederick the great

William Pitt The Elder

• British administritave genius, in charge of the war. Sent 40,000 British and colonial troops to beat the French

Earl of Bute

• George III hired him, Britain returned some French cities and some south american places. French booted out of America in the treaty of Paris of 1763

British after the war

• British spent a lot of money on the war and started to tax the colonies to get it back

• Sugar act, Stamp act, protests, Townshend acts, and Intolerable Acts

• Intolerable acts closed Boston ports, quartered troops, removed trials of quarters

Contental Congress

• Started to govern the colonies while revolution was happening

• War declared, battles fought, Americans won

Print Culture

• Books were being made, people were expected to be familiar with them, govts had to tell the truth now, censorship started

Philosophes

• Tried to criticize and add reason to organizations, did this for the goal of humanity

Hume

• Argued completely against miracles, not organized religion, believed that people are either lying or misinformed when they talk about miracles

Voltaire

• Wanted freedoms of speech and religion, critiqued monarchy and the catholic church, said that superstitions were absolute garbage and lacked reason

Montesqieu

• Advocated for separation of powers, all 3 bodies needed to be seperate and equal. This is because people in power tend to abuse it

Rousseua

• Believed civilization corrupted humans, argued that we were good  but then lost that goodness. Loved direct democracy, suggested that society is more important than each member, wanted people to maintain personal freedom while also being in the big community

Denis Diderot

• Compiled the encyclopedia, all knowledge ever basically

Beccaria

• Reformed criminal law

Physiocrats

• Argued for free market, no mercantilism

Adam smith

• Hated mercantilistic economy, wanted capitalism basically. WSaid that individuals needed to pursue their own economic interests. Laissez faire economic thought