Chapter 1 - Collecting Data

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Statistics

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the science and art of collecting, analyzing, and drawing conclusions from data.

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Plausible

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believable

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42 Terms

1

Statistics

the science and art of collecting, analyzing, and drawing conclusions from data.

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2

Plausible

believable

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3

The statistical problem-solving process

consists of four steps:
1. Ask questions
2. Collect/consider Data
3. Analyze Data
4. Interpret Results

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4

an individual

a person, animal, or thing described in a set of data.

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5

a variable

any attribute that can take different values for different individuals.

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6

categorical variable

takes values that are labels, which place each individual into a particular group, called a category.

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7

quantitative variable

takes number values that are quantities—counts or measurements

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8

population

in a statistical study is the entire group of individuals we want information about

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9

census

collects data from every individual in the population

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10

sample

a subset of individuals in the population from which we collect data

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11

observational study

observes individuals and measures variables of interest, but does not attempt to influence the responses

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12

experiment

deliberately imposes treatments (conditions) on individuals to measure their responses.

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13

convenience sample

consists of individuals from the population which are easy to reach

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14

bias

shown by the design of a statistical study if it is very likely to under or overestimate the value you want to know

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15

voluntary response sample

a sample that consists of people who choose to be in the sample by responding to a general invitation

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16

random sample

consists of individuals from the population who are selected for the sample using a chance process

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17

Nonresponse

occurs when an individual chosen for the sample can’t be contacted or refuses to participate

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18

Response bias

occurs when there is a consistent pattern of inaccurate responses to a survey question.

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19

Sampling Variability

the cause for random samples of the same size from the same population producing different estimates

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20

What are the steps to SRS?

  1. Label each individual based on population size from 1 to n

  2. Use a random number generator to obtain x amount of integers.

  3. Select each individual according to each corresponding integer that was randomly selected.

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21

inference

the process of drawing conclusions about a population on the basis of sample data.

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22

stratified random sampling

selects a sample by choosing an SRS from each stratum and combining the SRSs into one overall sample

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23

strata

a group of individuals in a population that share characteristics thought to be associated with the variables being measured in a study

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24

cluster random sampling

selects a sample by randomly choosing clusters and including each member of the selected clusters in the sample

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25

cluster

a group of individuals in the population that are located near each other

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26

Systematic random sampling

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27

response variable

measures the outcome of a study

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28

explanatory variable

can help explain or predict changes in a response variable

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29

treatment

a specific condition applied to the individuals in an experiment

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30

experimental unit

the object to which a treatment is randomly assigned, for example, humans are typically referred to as subjects

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31

placebo

a treatment that has no active ingredient but is otherwise like other treatments

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32

control group

a group used to provide a baseline for comparing the effects of other treatments.

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33

placebo effect

describes the fact that subjects will respond favorable to any treatment, even an inactive treatment

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34

double blind experiment

an experiment where neither the subjects nor those who interact with them and measure the response variable know which treatment a subject is receiving. (both don’t know)

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35

single blind experiment

an experiment where either the subjects or the people who interact with them and measure the response variable don’t know which treatment a subject is receiving (one knows, the other doesn’t)

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36

random assignment

means that treatments are assigned to experimental units using a chance process

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37

completely randomized design

an experiment where the experimental units are assigned to the treatments completely at random.

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38

statistically significant

describes an observed difference between groups in an experiment so large that is unlikely to be explained by chance variation in random assignment.

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39

block

a group of experimental units that are known before the experiment to be similar in some way that is expected to affect the response to treatments

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40

experimentation with blocks

  1. Form Blocks

  2. Randomly assign treatments to experimental units within blocks

  3. Record and compare results

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41

matched pairs design

a common experimental design that uses blocks of size 2.

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42

replication

the idea that we should use enough subjects to create roughly equivalent groups in an experiment

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