HIST 1010 Exam 1

Malczycki

historiography

canonical bibliography

study of historical research

historical method

investigate the past to learn the future

modern historians

professionals that use sources to make arguments of “past” topics

primary source

directly from the people, place, or time being studied (fossils, scrolls, ruins)

secondary source

written argument based on interpretations of prime sources and other secondary sources

Herodotus

1st European historian

FUN

truth vs. myth

unbiased

Thucydides

focus on war and politics

wrote of war of Athens and Sparta

truth, but biased

Tacitus

wrote The Annals

non-christian ref to Jesus

governor for Rome before

Josephus

FIRST on-christian ref to Jesus

Jewish rabbi

History of Jewish War and Antiquities

against Rome b4 supporting it

Abrahamic Tradition/Religion

monotheism

linear time

good vs. bad

medieval European history

focus on religion or lack of

show God’s plan in action

e.g. Greg of Tours, Bede

Venerable Bede

monk, scholar

focus to history of Christianity in England

*Ecclesiastical History of the English people

popularized time

letters, witnesses, real miracles

Gregory of Tours

monk, bishop

*Ten Books of History

facts and miracles

History & Renaissance

challenged theology with primary sources

textual criticism, the Donation of Constantine

start of Protestant Reformation

The Protestant Reformation

challenged the Catholic monopoly on Christian faith in the West

Enlightenment

modern natural science (Era)

scientific history

“Only thing humans can know is history” *Vico

Gibbon

*Decline and Fall of Roman Empire

Rome’s success and Christianity crushed it

19th Century Nationalism

nation as the organizing principle

patriotic history

Michelet

“historians should have empathy for their subject”

Saved Joan of Arc

fired for refusing to take loyalty oath

Carlyle

“Great man” Theory

Leopolde van Rank

History as it is, no judgement

history = record of truth, reality, God

goal of history w/ scientific objectivity

Marx

assumed history was linear and progress

“Us vs. them”

historical materialism and economics

“history is all about the money”

Post Modernism

relating to a radical reappraisal of modern assumptions about history, culture, identity, or language

critiques of Post-Modernism

history becomes studying “words”

^meaningless

allows for endless “correct” versions of the past

evolution

process by which a species changes over time

creation narrative

different culture’s narrative of creation

Homo sapiens

the first humans (evolved)

good brain communication

tech. skilled and creative

Australopithecus

early hominid

Lucy, “Dinknesh”

first Australopithecus fossil found

Homo habilis

½ brain size

early Hominin species

improved tool making

Homo erectus

upright man

¾ brain size

used fire and hunted

Turkana Boy

disabled Homo erectus used as proof that species cared for their own (debatable)

Homo Neanderthalensis

advanced human tools and foraging

inbred with H. sapiens

died off but still in human genes

Fertile Crescent

hunted/domesticated sheep

crops: figs, wheat, millet, barley, peas

Catal Huyuk

neolithic city in Anatolia (Turkey)

diversified by jobs (hunters, gatherers)

Religion?

Homes?

Catal Huyuk homes

roof entry, bull decor, skull storage

woman statue, possible diety

Catal Huyuk religion?

Sumer

first civ. in Fertile Crescent

city of Gilgamesh (bible)

Ubayd Culture

named after pottery

spread into Sumer and Mediterranean

Neolithic China

domesticated rice and millet(difficult)

in wet regions, Southern China

Yangshao Culture

“painted pottery”

Huang He/Yellow River

millet and silkworm

oldish proof of writing

Longshan Culture

“black pottery”

Yellow River

high value, graves of elites

Uruk

Sumerian, brick-walled city

King Gilgamesh (founder)

Ziggurats, priests as kings

acknowledged other religions

Cuneiform

written scripts

allowed better communication between languages

allowed record-keeping for trades

Sumerian innovation

made 60-counting method

angles and zodiac

the wheel, beer

Sargon of Akkad

orphan found by priestess

king of Kish and Akkad

replaced Sumerian with Akkadian

in scripture

how Sumerian survived despite being replaced by Akkadian language

brought peace between Sumerian and Akkadian gods

wrote songs and poems about both gods

what Enheduanna did

Enheduanna of Akkad

first literary artist known by name

priestess/daughter of Akkad

Nile River

flows S to N making S. Egypt really Northern

Narmer, first king united Egypt

floods annually

Egyptian religion

pious, focus on afterlife

*The Egyptian Book of the Dead

Osiris

husband of Iris, father of Horus

god of underworld

Isis

wife to Osiris, mother to Horus

Horus

symbolized by falcon

used for pharaonic power

pharaoh played god, instilling peace

why it was sinful to go against the pharaoh

Narmer

1st king of 1st Old Kingdom

united Upper and Lower Egypt

establish king standards

death by hippo

Sneferu

first pyramid builder (Red Pyramid)

^failed twice

good pharaoh

Pyramids of Giza

begun by Sneferu’s son (Khufu)

tomb shows pharaonic power

paid workers helped unemployment

Orientalism

old: unique traits of Asians

new: stereotypes, racism, asians dumb

Harappan Civ.

Indus River Valley civilization

Eurocentric

European focus, excluding other cultures

Harappa & Mohenjo Daro

largest cities of Harappan Civ.

buried under water

Harappan Writing

undeciphered stamps/symbols

leads to lack of India knowledge

Harappan econ. and society

cotton, Cu, Ag, Au

irrigation for ag. and cleanliness

engineers, farmers

Harappan Decline (theory)

old: Aryan Invasion of lightskins>darkskins

new: environment & political change

Hongshan Culture

elaborate tombs, social hierarchy

northern China

jade, trade with south

Longshan Culture

“Black Pottery”

thin, strong pottery for elites graves

Yellow River Valley

Taosi site (Longshan)

elaborate observatory

evident of engineers/builders

in Neolithic China

Erlitou Culture

nice bronze in tombs

oldest evid. political China

possible Xia Dynasty

Xia Dynasty

mythical dynasty

tied to Erlitou leaders

Yellow Emperor

Huang Di

Yellow Emperor (Xia)

his reign = beginning Chinese Year

defeated barbarians, unified Yellow River

made Chinese culture and gov.

Yu the Great

founder of Xia

tamed Yellow R. with dragons and canals

defeated enemies

set China into 9 provinces

Oracle Bones

oldest ex. Chinese writing

“dragono bones” for medicine

fortune wishbones

Babylon

capital of Hammurabi

bad rep. but good place

S. Mesopotamia

King Hammurabi

King of Babylon

oldest *complete* law code

“eye for an eye” unfair

Hittites

kings controlled other kings

central Anatolia

Supilluliuma

greatest Hittite king/founder

conquered Mittani & Assyrians

offered son to egypt, killed

Neo-Assyrian Empire

iron and brutality

bad rep. from bible

Hatshepsut

priestesss of Amun at Thebes

regent for Thutmose III

real ruler of Egypt

accomplishments of Hatshepsut

trade and building

promoted by merit > nobility

effective & popular

Akhenaton

attempt at Egypt monotheism

Cult of Aten (sun disc)

Tut

son of Akhenaten

tomb found intact (w/ Au)

restore polytheism

Ramses II

role model Pharaoh

200+ wives, 150 children

fought: Nubians & Hittites

Treaty of Kadesh

oldest written peace treaty

Ramses II got Hittites to draw here

Aryans

fl. iron, horse, chariot

dominant White race

Vedic Religion

Indo-Aryan religion/tradition

“wisdom”, “prayer”, now Hinduism

*The Rig Veda

dynastic cycle

process of rise, fl. and decline of dynasties

dynasty

a line of hereditary rulers of a country

Shang Dynasty

royal monopoly on Bronze

chariots, weapons, art

Fu Hao

queen of Shang

tomb discovered, oracle bones

general & priestess