4.1-4.4 AP world vocab

What is cartography?

The art and science of mapmaking.

What were primogeniture laws?

Laws that gave all of a parent's inheritance to the eldest son, influencing land ownership and settlement patterns, especially in the Americas.

Describe the Omani-European rivalry.

A competition between the Omani Empire and European powers (like Portugal) for control over trade routes in the Indian Ocean, primarily for valuable goods like spices and textiles.

What are maritime empires?

Empires that are primarily based on sea power, overseas trade, and distant colonies, such as the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, and British.

What is an astronomical chart?

A map of stars and constellations, used by navigators to determine their latitude at sea, crucial for transoceanic travel.

What was a Carrack?

A large sailing ship developed in the 14th to 15th centuries, primarily by the Portuguese, known for its capacity and use in transoceanic voyages like those of Columbus.

What was a Caravel?

A small, highly maneuverable sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the 15th century, known for its lateen sails, allowing it to sail against the wind and explore coasts.

What was a Fluyt?

A Dutch sailing vessel designed for cargo transport, known for its efficiency and affordability, contributing to Dutch dominance in maritime trade.

Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?

A Portuguese prince who sponsored voyages of exploration down the west coast of Africa in the 15th century, initiating the Age of Discovery.

Who was Bartholomew Diaz?

A Portuguese explorer who was the first European to sail around the southern tip of Africa (the Cape of Good Hope) in 1488.

Who was Vasco Da Gama?

A Portuguese explorer who was the first European to reach India by sea, sailing around Africa in 1498, establishing a direct maritime trade route.

What was the 'trading post empire'?

A strategy implemented by the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean, involving the establishment of fortified outposts to control trade routes rather than extensive land territories.

Who was Christopher Columbus?

An Italian explorer, funded by Spain, who made four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean, initiating European colonization of the Americas in 1492.

Who was Ferdinand Magellan?

A Portuguese explorer who organized the Spanish expedition to the East Indies from 1519 to 1522, resulting in the first circumnavigation of the Earth.

What was significant about Manila?

A key Spanish colonial city in the Philippines, serving as a primary hub for trans-Pacific trade between the Americas (especially New Spain) and Asia via galleons.

What were galleons?

Large, multi-decked sailing ships used by Spain from the 16th to 18th centuries for carrying treasure and goods across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

What was the 'northwest passage'?

A fabled sea route connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Arctic archipelago of North America, sought by European explorers for a shorter trade route to Asia.

Who was Jacques Cartier?

A French explorer who claimed what is now Canada for France in 1534, exploring the St. Lawrence River.

Who was Samuel de Champlain?

A French explorer and colonist who founded Quebec in 1608 and is considered the 'Father of New France'.

What was Quebec?

The first permanent French settlement in North America, founded by Samuel de Champlain in 1608, becoming a center for the fur trade.

What was New France?

The territory colonized by France in North America, extending from the Gulf of St. Lawrence deep into the North American continent, focused on fur trade and missions.

Who was John Cabot?

An Italian explorer, commissioned by England, who explored the coast of North America in 1497, claiming land for England.

What was Jamestown?

The first permanent English settlement in North America, established in Virginia in 1607.

Who was Henry Hudson?

An English explorer who explored parts of present-day New York and the Arctic for the Dutch (and English), seeking the Northwest Passage.

What was New Amsterdam?

A 17th-century Dutch settlement established at the southern tip of Manhattan Island, serving as the capital of New Netherland, later becoming New York City.

What was the Columbian Exchange?

The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries.

Who were conquistadores?

Spanish conquerors of the Americas, notably responsible for the conquest of the Aztec and Inca Empires.

What was the impact of smallpox in the Americas?

A highly contagious disease brought by Europeans to the Americas, devastating indigenous populations who had no immunity, leading to massive demographic collapse.

horse

The horse, among other livestock like cattle, pigs, and sheep, fundamentally changing transportation, warfare, and agriculture for indigenous peoples.

What significant crops were introduced to the Old World from the Americas during the Columbian Exchange?

Maize (corn) and cacao (chocolate), along with potatoes, tomatoes, and chilies, significantly diversifying diets and agricultural practices globally.

What significant crops were introduced to the Americas from the Old World during the Columbian Exchange?

Okra, rice, and later sugarcane (from Africa and Asia), which became staple cash crops and central to the plantation economy and slave labor.

What was the transatlantic slave trade?

The forced migration of millions of Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas to perform labor, primarily for plantations, from the 16th to 19th centuries.

What were engenhos?

A term referring to the entire complex of people, land, machinery, and capital associated with sugar production in Brazil, essentially a sugar plantation and mill.

What is a cash crop?

A crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower, such as sugar, tobacco, cotton, and coffee, driving colonial economies and labor demand.

What was the African Diaspora?

The dispersal of people of African descent, particularly as a result of the transatlantic slave trade, leading to the establishment of distinct African-descended communities across the Americas and Europe.

What is a creole language?

A stable natural language developed from the mixing of parent languages, often formed in environments like the Caribbean where different linguistic groups (European colonists and enslaved Africans) interacted.

How did music develop during the African Diaspora?

African musical traditions blended with European and indigenous influences, creating new forms like spirituals, blues, gospel, and eventually jazz, reflecting cultural preservation and adaptation.

What is gumbo?

A stew popular in Louisiana, originating from West African, French, and Spanish influences, emblematic of creole cuisine and the cultural blending of the African Diaspora.

What was the Asante Empire?

A powerful Akan kingdom located in modern-day Ghana, known for its gold resources and strong military, actively participating in the transatlantic slave trade.

What was the Kingdom of the Kongo?

A prominent kingdom in Central Africa that engaged in trade with the Portuguese, suffering significantly from the transatlantic slave trade and eventually being destabilized by its impact.

What was the British East India Company (EIC)?

A powerful English trading company that eventually became a major political and military power in India, dominating trade and establishing British colonial rule.

What was New Spain?

A Spanish viceroyalty established in 1535, encompassing territories in North America, Central America, the Caribbean, and the Philippines, with its capital in Mexico City.

What was Mexico City?

The capital of New Spain, built on the ruins of the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan, becoming a major administrative, economic, and cultural center in the Americas.

Who was Francisco Pizarro?

A Spanish conquistador who led the conquest of the Inca Empire in Peru in the 1532.

Who was Atahualpa?

The last Inca emperor, captured and executed by Francisco Pizarro during the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire.

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?

A 1494 agreement between Spain and Portugal, brokered by the Pope, that divided newly discovered lands outside Europe along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands.

What was the French-British rivalry concerning colonization?

A long-standing competition between France and Great Britain for colonial territories, trade dominance, and political influence around the globe, especially in North America and India.

What was indentured servitude?

A labor system where individuals (often Europeans) contracted to work for a fixed period (typically 4-7 years) in exchange for passage to the Americas, food, and shelter; often harsh conditions.

What was chattel slavery?

A system in which individuals are treated as property, to be bought, sold, and inherited. This typically applied to enslaved Africans and their descendants in the Americas, with perpetual and hereditary bondage.

What was Hispaniola?

The first island in the Caribbean discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492, where the first permanent European settlement in the Americas was established; now divided into Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

What was the encomienda system?

A Spanish labor system where a conquistador or settler (encomendero) was granted a certain number of indigenous people, who were expected to pay tribute and provide labor in exchange for 'protection' and Christian instruction.

Who were encomenderos?

Spanish settlers or conquistadores who were granted the right to demand labor and tribute from indigenous people under the encomienda system.

What is a coercive labor system?

Any system of labor where the workers are forced to work against their will and are not free to leave, including slavery, serfdom, and systems like encomienda and the mit'a system.

What was the hacienda system?

A Spanish system of large landed estates in the Americas, where indigenous people were often tied to the land through debt peonage or other forms of coercive labor, distinct from encomiendas.

What was the importance of silver in the Spanish Empire?

Silver mining in Potosí (Bolivia) and Mexico fueled the Spanish economy, funded its wars, and became a global currency, connecting the economies of Europe, Asia, and the Americas.

What was the mit'a system?

A pre-Inca and Inca system of forced labor and public service, adapted by the Spanish in Peru for silver mining, particularly at Potosí, leading to harsh conditions and high mortality for indigenous workers.

What is mercantilism?

An economic theory that held that a nation's wealth was determined by its accumulation of precious metals, advocating for governments to regulate trade to achieve a favorable balance of trade, often through colonialism.

What were colonies in the context of mercantilism?

Territories governed by a parent country, used as sources of raw materials and markets for finished goods, central to the mercantilist economic system.

What was the Middle Passage?

The sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies, a brutal and deadly leg of the transatlantic slave trade.

What was the Indian Ocean slave trade?

An older and longer-lasting slave trade network that involved the transport of enslaved people from East Africa to the Middle East, India, and Southeast Asia, distinct from the transatlantic trade.