MT chap 5

Cardiovascular

pertaining to heart and blood vessels

cardi/o

heart

vascul

blood vessel

Pericardium

double-walled membranous sac enclosing the heart

parietal pericardium

fibrous sac surrounding and protecting the heart

Pericardial fluid

lubricant between pericardial layers preventing friction during heartbeats

visceral pericardium

inner layer of pericardium forming outer layer of the heart

epicardium

external layer of heart and inner visceral pericardium

epi-

upon

myocardium

middle and thickest muscular layer of the heart walls

heart

hollow, muscular thoracic organ (lower tip = apex)

heartbeat

ability to pump blood effectively throughout body via coordinated contraction and relaxation sequence

Superficial veins

located near the body surface

Deep veins

located within tissues and away from body surface

venae cavae

two largest veins returning blood into the heart

superior vena cava

transports blood from upper body portion to heart

inferior vena cava

transports blood from lower body portion to heart

pulse

rhythmic pressure against arterial wall caused by heart contraction

Systolic pressure

highest pressure against arterial walls when ventricles contract

systole

heart contraction

Diastolic pressure

lowest pressure against arterial walls when ventricles are relaxed

diastole

relaxation of heart

Blood

fluid tissue composed of 55% liquid plasma and 45% formed elements

Blood pressure

measurement of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against arterial walls

sinoatrial node

pacemaker located in posterior right atrium near superior vena cava entrance establishing basic rhythm/rate

Atrioventricular node

located on floor of right atrium near interatrial septum, transmitting impulses onward to bundle of His

Purkinje fibers

specialized conductive fibers located within ventricular walls stimulating ventricular contraction to force blood out into aorta/pulmonary arteries

bundle of His

group of fibers located within interventricular septum ensuring contraction sequence, traveling to right/left branches and Purkinje fibers

pulmonary circulation

flow of blood between heart and lungs

pulmonary arteries

carry deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs

pulmonary veins

carry oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium

systemic circulation

flow of blood to all parts of the body except the lungs

endocardium

inner lining of heart consisting of epithelial tissue in direct contact with pumped blood

coronary arteries

supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium

atria

two upper heart chambers separated by interatrial septum

ventricles

two lower heart chambers separated by inter-ventricular septum

tricuspid valve

controls opening between right atrium and right ventricle (having three cusps/points)

pulmonary semilunar valve

half-moon-shaped valve located between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

pulmonary

pertaining to lungs

mitral valve

left atrioventricular node valve shaped like a bishop's mitre (also bicuspid valve, having two cusps)

aortic semilunar valve

half-moon-shaped valve located between left ventricle and aorta

Lymphocytes

cells formed in bone marrow/lymph nodes/spleen identifying foreign germs and producing targeted antibodies

Monocytes

formed in bone marrow/lymph nodes providing immunological defense via phagocytosis against infectious organisms

Thrombocytes

smallest formed elements playing a key role in blood clotting

thromb/o

clot

Rh factor

defines presence or absence of Rh antigen on red blood cells (Rh positive = has antigen, Rh negative = does not have antigen)

P wave

atrial stimulation/contraction

QRS complex

ventricular stimulation/contraction while atria relax

T wave

ventricular recovery/relaxation

arteries

large blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart

aorta

largest blood vessel, beginning from left ventricle and forming main arterial system trunk

carotid arteries

major upward-carrying arteries to the head

arterioles

smaller, thinner arterial branches delivering blood to capillaries

Capillaries

smallest blood vessels, one epithelial cell thick, forming expanded vascular beds for delivery to tissue cells

Venules

smallest veins forming larger veins

-ules

small ones

endarterial

within an artery or pertaining to the inner portion of an artery

Plasma

straw-colored fluid containing 91% water and 9% proteins, nutrients, hormones, and waste

Serum

plasma fluid after blood cells and clotting proteins are removed

Fibrinogen / prothrombin

clotting proteins found in plasma

Erythrocyte

mature red blood cells produced in red bone marrow transporting oxygen

hemoglobin

oxygen-carrying blood protein pigment

Leukocytes

white blood cells involved in defending against infective agents and foreign substances

Neutrophils

most common leukocyte, playing major immune defense role through phagocytosis (process of destroying pathogens by surrounding and swallowing them)

Basophils

least common leukocyte, responsible for allergy symptoms

Eosinophils

destroy parasitic organisms and play a major role in allergic reactions

cardiologist

physician specializing in diagnosing/treating heart abnormalities/diseases

hematologist

physician specializing in blood/blood-forming tissue disorders

vascular surgeon

physician specializing in diagnosis, medical management, and surgical treatment of blood vessel disorders

Congenital heart defects

structural birth abnormalities caused by failure of heart to develop normally before birth

Coronary artery disease

atherosclerosis of coronary arteries reducing myocardial blood supply

Atherosclerosis

abnormal hardening of arteries caused by cholesterol plaque buildup

ather/o

plaque or fatty substance

plaque

fatty deposit similar to rust inside a pipe found within arterial lumen

lumen

opening within blood vessels through which blood flows

atheroma

deposit of plaque on or within arterial wall

Ischemia

condition with insufficient oxygen supply to tissues due to restricted blood flow

isch

hold back

emia

blood

Angina

condition with severe chest pain from inadequate myocardial blood flow due to ischemia

Stable angina

occurs during exertion/exercise and resolves with rest

occlusion

total blockage

infarction

sudden insufficiency of blood

myocardial infarction

blockage of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup, commonly known as a heart attack

Cardiomegaly

abnormal enlargement of the heart

Dilated cardiomyopathy

disease of the heart muscle that causes the heart to become enlarged and pump less strongly

heart murmur

abnormal blowing or clicking sound heard when listening to the heart or a neighboring large blood vessel

Valvular prolapse

abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that results in the inability of the valve to close completely

prolapse

falling or dropping down of an organ or internal part

Valvular stenosis

condition in which there is narrowing of one or more valves of the heart

arrhythmia

loss of the normal rhythm of the heartbeat

Asystole

complete lack of electrical activity in the heart, known as a flat line

Cardiac arrest

event in which the heart abruptly stops beating or develops an arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood effectively

Heart block

congenital or acquired arrhythmia caused by the electrical signal moving through the heart being partially or completely blocked from reaching the ventricles

Bradycardia

abnormally slow resting heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute

Tachycardia

abnormally rapid resting heart rate of greater than 100 beats per minute

Supraventricular tachycardia

episode beginning and ending abruptly during rapid heartbeats that originate at the atrioventricular node

Ventricular tachycardia

very rapid heartbeat that begins within the ventricles, potentially fatal because the heart beats so rapidly it cannot adequately pump blood

fibrillation

potentially life-threatening fast and irregular heartbeat, compared to fast regular rhythm of tachycardia

Atrial fibrillation

most common type of tachycardia where normal rhythmic contractions of atria are replaced by rapid, uncontrolled twitching/quivering action