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Syntactic knowledge is highly __________.
productive
Syntactic rules are __________.
recursive
Recursion occurs when a syntactic structure can __________ itself.
contain
An example of recursion in syntax is __________ of my brother.
the mother
Every phrase in every sentence in every language is organised the same way according to __________ theory.
X-bar
Words are inserted into a syntactic tree using __________ rules.
syntactic
An expression that comes before a verb is called the __________.
subject
An expression that comes after a verb is considered the __________.
object
A __________ noun is usually not counted and includes substances like water or sand.
mass
The __________ principle states that every phrase has a head, determining its syntactic category.
headedness
The process of determining which syntactic rules apply to produce a sentence is known as __________ a sentence.
parsing
The term for a word that has several related meanings is called __________.
polysemy
Words like 'married' and 'single' are examples of __________.
complementary antonyms
The linguistic expression that relates to the reality it refers to is called __________.
reference
An individual who experiences something is referred to as an __________.
experiencer
__________ is the study of linguistic variation based on social identity.
Sociolinguistics
The term __________ refers to sounds or words that aid in conveying meaning within context.
deictic terms
In __________ linguistics, language changes across time are studied.
diachronic
The principle of __________ states that the meaning of a linguistic expression is a function of its parts and their arrangement.
compositionality
In semantics, a __________ is a word whose meaning includes the meaning of a subordinate concept.
hypernym
The process of changing the phonetic form of a word is known as __________.
phonetic change
The phenomenon where a linguistic community does not have contact with others and therefore develops distinct changes is called __________.
isolation and divergence
According to Grice's cooperative principle, speakers in a conversation are assumed to be __________.
cooperative
When someone encounters a compliment by saying 'sure', they might be violating the maxim of __________.
quantity
When an utterance carries a meaning that is not explicitly stated, it's known as an __________.
implicature
Children typically show __________ in language acquisition, generally exhibiting more comprehension before they can produce language.
progression
The __________ principle asserts that every sentence has an inflection marked by tense.
inflectional
A question that involves swapping the subject and the auxiliary verb is an example of __________ inversion.
subject-auxiliary
The lexicalisation of a concept in a language signifies that there is a word for it, which is indicative of __________.
linguistic determinism
The principle that highlights how the meaning expressed depends on context is known as __________ dependence.
context
In language acquisition, natural barriers and isolation can lead to __________ features within dialects.
distinctive
Speech style linked to social identity, reflecting variation based on class, age or gender is referred to as __________ speech.
sociolect
Effective communication requires a speaker and listener to manage __________, which varies between contexts.
social cues
A __________ verb requires only a subject to make sense.
intransitive
A __________ verb requires both a subject and a direct object to express a complete thought.
transitive
A __________ verb takes two objects: a direct object and an indirect object.
ditransitive
In X-bar theory, the structure of phrases is represented with tiers including the __________ of each phrase.
head
Sentential verbs are verbs that can take __________ clauses as their object.
sentences
In syntax, the representation of hierarchical structure via constituent phrases is essential to understanding __________.
X-bar theory
Count noun
A noun that refers to items that can be counted and have both singular and plural forms.
Examples of count nouns
Apples, books, and cars.
Mass noun
A noun that refers to substances or concepts that cannot be counted and typically has no plural.
Examples of mass nouns
Water, sand, and information.
Key distinction between count and mass nouns
Count nouns can be pluralized; mass nouns cannot.
Quantifiers used with count nouns
Many, few, several.
Quantifiers used with mass nouns
Much, little, some.
Blocking occurs when a more specific rule or form __________ a use of a general rule.
prevents
In syntax, __________ refers to the reordering of constituents in a sentence.
movement
An example of movement in syntax is __________ raising, where the subject moves to a higher position in the structure.
subject
In lexical semantics, a __________ is a word that encompasses a broader category, containing a group of more specific terms.
hypernym
The phenomenon where a new word form is prevented from being used due to the presence of a similar word is known as __________.
blocking
In lexical semantics, __________ refers to how the meanings of words can change based on their context and usage.
meaning shifting
An example of __________ is when the word 'man' can refer to any human regardless of gender in certain contexts.
generalization
The term for a verb’s ability to allow movement in its syntactic structure is called __________.
verbal mobility
In movement, __________ structure refers to the syntactic positioning of elements within a particular phrase.
constituent
Semantics is the subfield of linguistics that studies ___
meaning
A __________ is a word that refers to a general category that can encompass more specific terms.
hypernym
A __________ is a word that denotes a part of a whole.
meronym
A __________ refers to the whole that a part belongs to.
holonym
Words that have opposite meanings but can vary in degree are known as __________ antonyms.
gradable antonyms
Antonyms that are either one thing or another, with no middle ground, are called __________ antonyms.
complementary antonyms
Complementary antonyms are pairs of words that are __________, with no intermediate state.
mutually exclusive
Examples of complementary antonyms include 'dead' and __________.
alive
Gradable antonyms are words that exist on a __________, allowing for degrees between the two extremes.
spectrum
An example of a gradable antonym is 'hot' and __________.
cold
Reverse antonyms are pairs of words where one term implies the __________ of the other.
opposite action
An example of reverse antonyms is 'buy' and __________.
sell
Converse antonyms describe a relationship from __________ perspectives, where one member implies the other.
two different
Examples of converse antonyms include 'parent' and __________.
child
0-1 month
Cooing - making noises that have phonology but not words.
6 months
producing consonant-vowel sequences with sounds from both ambient and non-ambient languages.
8-11 months
First signs of word comprehension, recognizing words like ‘eat.’
11-13 months
first-word production.
12-18 months
One-word speech - accumulating 50-200 words, with single word utterances conveying various meanings (e.g., 'Daddy' for when the father enters the room).
18-22 months
vocabulary spurt and two-word speech, signaling semantic relations (e.g., 'Baby chair' for the baby sitting).
2-4 years
Development of more complex syntactic structures during the telegraphic stage, primarily using content words with few function words.
5-6 years
Mastery of most basic syntactic structures, knowledge of about 12-14k words, and fluent speech production.
0-1 month
Cooing - they make noises that have phonology, but not words.
6 months
Babbling - infants begin to produce consonant-vowel sequences with segments from both ambient and non-ambient languages.
8-11 months
First signs of word comprehension - recognize words like 'eat'.
11-13 months
First word production.
12-18 months
One-word speech - single word utterances used to convey various message types.
18-22 months
Vocabulary spurt and two-word speech.
2-4 years
More complex syntactic structures - telegraphic speech where content words are primarily used.
5-6 years
Mastery of most basic syntactic structures and fluency in speech.
