Linguistics - Finals

Syntactic knowledge is highly __________.

productive

Syntactic rules are __________.

recursive

Recursion occurs when a syntactic structure can __________ itself.

contain

An example of recursion in syntax is __________ of my brother.

the mother

Every phrase in every sentence in every language is organised the same way according to __________ theory.

X-bar

Words are inserted into a syntactic tree using __________ rules.

syntactic

An expression that comes before a verb is called the __________.

subject

An expression that comes after a verb is considered the __________.

object

A __________ noun is usually not counted and includes substances like water or sand.

mass

The __________ principle states that every phrase has a head, determining its syntactic category.

headedness

The process of determining which syntactic rules apply to produce a sentence is known as __________ a sentence.

parsing

The term for a word that has several related meanings is called __________.

polysemy

Words like 'married' and 'single' are examples of __________.

complementary antonyms

The linguistic expression that relates to the reality it refers to is called __________.

reference

An individual who experiences something is referred to as an __________.

experiencer

__________ is the study of linguistic variation based on social identity.

Sociolinguistics

The term __________ refers to sounds or words that aid in conveying meaning within context.

deictic terms

In __________ linguistics, language changes across time are studied.

diachronic

The principle of __________ states that the meaning of a linguistic expression is a function of its parts and their arrangement.

compositionality

In semantics, a __________ is a word whose meaning includes the meaning of a subordinate concept.

hypernym

The process of changing the phonetic form of a word is known as __________.

phonetic change

The phenomenon where a linguistic community does not have contact with others and therefore develops distinct changes is called __________.

isolation and divergence

According to Grice's cooperative principle, speakers in a conversation are assumed to be __________.

cooperative

When someone encounters a compliment by saying 'sure', they might be violating the maxim of __________.

quantity

When an utterance carries a meaning that is not explicitly stated, it's known as an __________.

implicature

Children typically show __________ in language acquisition, generally exhibiting more comprehension before they can produce language.

progression

The __________ principle asserts that every sentence has an inflection marked by tense.

inflectional

A question that involves swapping the subject and the auxiliary verb is an example of __________ inversion.

subject-auxiliary

The lexicalisation of a concept in a language signifies that there is a word for it, which is indicative of __________.

linguistic determinism

The principle that highlights how the meaning expressed depends on context is known as __________ dependence.

context

In language acquisition, natural barriers and isolation can lead to __________ features within dialects.

distinctive

Speech style linked to social identity, reflecting variation based on class, age or gender is referred to as __________ speech.

sociolect

Effective communication requires a speaker and listener to manage __________, which varies between contexts.

social cues

A __________ verb requires only a subject to make sense.

intransitive

A __________ verb requires both a subject and a direct object to express a complete thought.

transitive

A __________ verb takes two objects: a direct object and an indirect object.

ditransitive

In X-bar theory, the structure of phrases is represented with tiers including the __________ of each phrase.

head

Sentential verbs are verbs that can take __________ clauses as their object.

sentences

In syntax, the representation of hierarchical structure via constituent phrases is essential to understanding __________.

X-bar theory

Count noun

A noun that refers to items that can be counted and have both singular and plural forms.

Examples of count nouns

Apples, books, and cars.

Mass noun

A noun that refers to substances or concepts that cannot be counted and typically has no plural.

Examples of mass nouns

Water, sand, and information.

Key distinction between count and mass nouns

Count nouns can be pluralized; mass nouns cannot.

Quantifiers used with count nouns

Many, few, several.

Quantifiers used with mass nouns

Much, little, some.

Blocking occurs when a more specific rule or form __________ a use of a general rule.

prevents

In syntax, __________ refers to the reordering of constituents in a sentence.

movement

An example of movement in syntax is __________ raising, where the subject moves to a higher position in the structure.

subject

In lexical semantics, a __________ is a word that encompasses a broader category, containing a group of more specific terms.

hypernym

The phenomenon where a new word form is prevented from being used due to the presence of a similar word is known as __________.

blocking

In lexical semantics, __________ refers to how the meanings of words can change based on their context and usage.

meaning shifting

An example of __________ is when the word 'man' can refer to any human regardless of gender in certain contexts.

generalization

The term for a verb’s ability to allow movement in its syntactic structure is called __________.

verbal mobility

In movement, __________ structure refers to the syntactic positioning of elements within a particular phrase.

constituent

Semantics is the subfield of linguistics that studies ___

meaning

A __________ is a word that refers to a general category that can encompass more specific terms.

hypernym

A __________ is a word that denotes a part of a whole.

meronym

A __________ refers to the whole that a part belongs to.

holonym

Words that have opposite meanings but can vary in degree are known as __________ antonyms.

gradable antonyms

Antonyms that are either one thing or another, with no middle ground, are called __________ antonyms.

complementary antonyms

Complementary antonyms are pairs of words that are __________, with no intermediate state.

mutually exclusive

Examples of complementary antonyms include 'dead' and __________.

alive

Gradable antonyms are words that exist on a __________, allowing for degrees between the two extremes.

spectrum

An example of a gradable antonym is 'hot' and __________.

cold

Reverse antonyms are pairs of words where one term implies the __________ of the other.

opposite action

An example of reverse antonyms is 'buy' and __________.

sell

Converse antonyms describe a relationship from __________ perspectives, where one member implies the other.

two different

Examples of converse antonyms include 'parent' and __________.

child

0-1 month

Cooing - making noises that have phonology but not words.

6 months

producing consonant-vowel sequences with sounds from both ambient and non-ambient languages.

8-11 months

First signs of word comprehension, recognizing words like ‘eat.’

11-13 months

first-word production.

12-18 months

One-word speech - accumulating 50-200 words, with single word utterances conveying various meanings (e.g., 'Daddy' for when the father enters the room).

18-22 months

vocabulary spurt and two-word speech, signaling semantic relations (e.g., 'Baby chair' for the baby sitting).

2-4 years

Development of more complex syntactic structures during the telegraphic stage, primarily using content words with few function words.

5-6 years

Mastery of most basic syntactic structures, knowledge of about 12-14k words, and fluent speech production.

0-1 month

Cooing - they make noises that have phonology, but not words.

6 months

Babbling - infants begin to produce consonant-vowel sequences with segments from both ambient and non-ambient languages.

8-11 months

First signs of word comprehension - recognize words like 'eat'.

11-13 months

First word production.

12-18 months

One-word speech - single word utterances used to convey various message types.

18-22 months

Vocabulary spurt and two-word speech.

2-4 years

More complex syntactic structures - telegraphic speech where content words are primarily used.

5-6 years

Mastery of most basic syntactic structures and fluency in speech.