Lecture 35: Hormonal Regulation and Integration of Mammilian Metabolism

body mass

this is the rsult of intake vs outtake, determines this "how much stuff is in your body"

Obese

imbalance of intake vs outake (more intake) leads to this

Anorexigenic signals

these signals are ones that tell you to stop eating

Orexigenic

these signals are ones that tell you to eat more

adiposity signals

hormones that are secreted according to one's body fat and continue until body fat returns to normal, usually anorexogenic signals

Hunger signals

these signals tell you that you are hungry, orexigenic signals

satiety signals

these signals tell you that you are full, anorexigenic signals

adipose tissues

this is fat tissue, releases peptide hormones called adipokines

Adipokines

these are peptide hormones that carry info about fuel stores to the brain, includes leptin and adiponectine, acts locally or systemically

leptin and adiponectin

Adipokines include ____ and _____

Leptin

this is a hormone sent from adipose tissue to the brain to reduce appetite, and increase beta oxidation, acts from a set point

adipose tissue

Leptin is sent from the _____ _____ to the _____

enough fat tissue

Leptin is triggerred to release when you have ___________ ____ _____________

beta oxidation → breakdown of fat

Leptin increases the rate of ____-____

set point

decrease

increase

Leptin establishes a ____-____ for body weight: if exceeded, apetite will _____ and energy enxpenditure will _____

mice

Leptin worked for these animals to lose a ton of weight

anorexigenic (appetite suppressing)

Leptin stimulates the production of _______ hormones

sympathetic

Leptin stimulates the _____ nervous system

Neuropeptide Y

this hormone is orexigenic and is stimulated to eat, inhibited by leptin and insulin

orexigenic (tells you to eat)

NPY is a _______ hormone

starvation

NPY levels rise in _____

leptin and insulin

Neuropeptide Y is inhibited by ___ and ____

alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone

this is a anorexigenic hormone, its release is stimulated by leptim

anorexigenic (hunger suppressing)

AM stimulating hormone is a ______ hormone

stimulated

AM stimulating hormone release is ______ by leptin

false

True or false: leptin administration in humans helped them lose weight

elevated

Leptin is in fact ______ in many cases of obesity

PYY3-36

this peptide hormone is secreted by the small intestine and colon, which blocks NPY hormone, result is reduced hunger

PYY3-36 is a(n) _____ hormone

anorexigenic (appetite supressing)

NPY

PYY3-36 inhibits release of ____ hormone

GLP-1

this peptide hormone inhibits the release of orexigenic NPY, which reduces hunger

NPY (which is an orexigenic)

GLP-1 inhibits ____ release

insulin

GLP1 also increases _____ release

Ghrelin

this is a short term orexigenic peptie in the stomach that increases sensation of hunger via GPCR

orexigenic

ghrelin is (orexigenic/anorexigenic)

Prader-Wili Syndrome

this is associated with high levels of grhelin, which causes an insatiable appetite

False

True or false: the hunger signalings ALWAYS work extremely well for humans, and humans always follow them

Adiponectin

this hormone is made by adipose tissue and has receptor in the brain, makes other organs sensitive to insulin, increases reuptake of carbs and fatty acids, increases beta oxidaiton, and blocks FA synthesis and gluconeogenesis

AMP kinase - not well understood

this is how adiponectin can work, it is a kinase that is activated by AMP, increases PFK-2, GLUT1 and 4

PPARs

these are in perioxisomes and bind fatty acids or derivatives, which bind to reitnoid receptors to induce transcription factors to turn genes on for lipid synteshsi and storage

fatty acids

PPARs bind ____ ____ or derivatives

Thiazolidinediones

these drugs activate PPAR gammas, which helps in type II diabetes, turns on genes for lipid synthesis and storage

PPAR- gamma

this PPAR is in the liver and adipose tissue, turns on genes for lipid synthesis and storage

PPAR-alpha

this PPAR is in the liver, heart, skeletal muscle, brown adipose tissue, activated by FA and eicosanoids, and activates teh genes for uptake and oxidation of FA and ketone body formation

PPAR delta

this PPAR is in the liver and muscle, regulates fat oxidation, turns genes on for FA oxidation and mitochondrial uncoupling

turns on genes for uptake and oxidation of FA

ketone body formation

PPAR alpha function

turns on genes for lipid sythesis and storage

PPAR gamma function

turns on genes for FA oxidationand mitochondrial uncoupling

PPAR delta function

adipose tissue

muscle

PPAR delta acts on ____ _____ and ____

liver, adipose tissue, and muscle

PPAR gamma acts on the _____, ____ ____, and _____

liver and muscle

PPAR alpha acts on the ___ and _____