3.1 quiz ap bio - cellular energetics

what is the definition of metabolism

all chemical reactions in a living organism

the definition of metabolic pathways: series of reactions that _______ complex molecules or ____ ________ complex molecules

series of reactions that build complex molecules or break down complex molecules

what is the pathway of metabolism?

substrate → intermediate → product

what are the two types of metabolic pathways

• catabolic pathways

• anabolic pathways

what is the definition of catabolic pathways

pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler molecules

what is the definition of anabolic pathways

pathways that consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler compounds

what type of metabolic pathways break down complex molecules

catabolic pathways

what type of metabolic pathways build complex molecules

anabolic pathways

hi pls look at this picture

what is the definition of energy

energy is the ability to do work

what is the definition of work

work is the ability to move molecules around

what are the two types of energy

kinetic energy and potential energy

what is the definition of kinetic energy

energy associated with motion

what is an example of kinetic energy, and define it

thermal energy - energy associated with movement of atoms

what is an example of potential energy, and define it

chemical energy - energy available for release in a chemical reaction

what is the definition of thermodynamics

the study of energy transformations in matter

what is the 1st law of thermodynamics

energy cannot be created or destroyed

energy however can be transformed or transferred

what is the 2nd law of thermodynamics

energy transformation increases the entropy of the university

during energy transformations, some energy is unusable and is often lost as heat

what is the definition of free energy

determined the likelihood of reactions in organisms

what does free energy determine

whether or not the reaction happens spontaneously

what does it mean when a reaction occurs spontaneously

it means it happened with no energy input

based on delta g, reactions can be classified into these two different categories

exergonic and endergonic reactions

what is the definition of exergonic reactions

exergonic reactions are reactions that release energy

give an example of an exergonic reactions

cellular respiration

in exergonic reactions, what is the value of delta G

the value of delta G is below 0

in exergonic reactions is the reaction spontaneous or not

in exergonic reactions, the reaction is spontaneous

what is the definition of endergonic reactions

endergonic reactions are reactions that absorb energy

what is an example of an endergonic reaction

photosynthesis

in an endergonic reaction what is the value of delta G

delta G is above 0

do endergonic reactions require energy

yes they do you fatso

are cells at equilibrium

cells are not at equilibrium

why are cells not at equilibrium

cells are not at equilibrium because they have a constant flow of materials in and out of the membrane

what three kinds of work do cells perform

• mechanical

• transport

• chemical

describe the mechanical work a cell must perform and give examples

movement (beating cilia, contraction of muscle cells)

describe the transport work a cell must perform and give examples

pumping substances across membranes against spontaneous movement

describe the chemical work a cell must perform and give examples

synthesis of molecules (building polymers from monomers)

what molecule is this: organisms use as a source of energy to perform work

adenosine triphosphate

atp couples ___________ reactions to ______________ reactions to power cellular work

atp couples exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions to power cellular work

____________ process drives the ___________ process

exergonic process drives the endergonic process

how do organisms obtain energy
organisms obtain energy by ________ the bond between the ___ and __ phosphate in a ___________ reaction

organisms obtain energy by breaking the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate in a hydrolysis reaction

when breaking the bond of ATP what change occurs?

ATP → ADP

what is phosphorylation?

the released phosphate moves to another molecule to give energy

breaking the bonds of ATP increases _______, _____________ delta G

breaking the bonds of ATP increases entropy, decreasing delta G

how can ADP be regenerated to ATP

ADP can be regenerated to ATP via the ATP cycle

detail the ATP cycle

ATP and H2O reaction to make energy for cellular work, which results in ADP and P being the end products

ADP and P get energy from exergonic process to make ATP and H2O

what is definition of enzymes

macromolecules that catalyze reactions by lowering activation energy

are enzymes consumed in reactions

no

what are enzymes made of

amino acids

what do enzyme names end in

-ase

enzymes act on reactants known as __________

substrates

the area where substrates bind are called __________ _____

active sites

what is induced fit

enzymes change the shape of their active site to allow substrates to bind better

what metabolic pathway is shown in this picture

catabolic pathway

what metabolic pathway is shown in this picture

anabolic pathways

what are enzymes - like what macromolecule

protein

enzymes’ __ ______ can be affected by different factors

3D shape

what are three things that can impact the shape of enzymes

pH change

temperature

chemicals

shape change =

function change

what are optimal conditions for enzymes?

conditions of temperature and pH that allow them to function optimally

the rate of enzymatic activity ___________ with temperature up after a certain point

increases a

after a certain point of temperature is reached for enzymes, the enzyme will

denature

when an enzyme is outside its normal pH, what can happen

hydrogen bonds in the enzyme might break

what happens when the hydrogen bonds in the enzyme break due to a not-normal pH

the enzyme changes shape

what is an enzyme cofactor

a helper molecule or ion

enzymes need to function properly

helps enzyme carry out its chemical reaction

is an enzyme cofactor a protein or nonprotein molecule

non protein

what is a holoenzyme

an enzyme with the cofactor attached

what do inorganic cofactors consist of

inorganic cofactors consist of metals

what are coenzymes

organic cofactors

what is an example of a coenzyme

vitamins

what is the definition of an enzyme inhibitor

reduce the activity of specific enzymes

what are the two types of inhibition from enzyme inhibitors

permanent or reversible

what is the definition of a permanent enzyme inhibitor - what does it bind with

inhibitor binds with covalent bonds

what is the definition of a reversible enzyme inhibitor - what does it bind with

inhibitor binds with weak interactions

competitive inhibitors definition

reduce enzyme activity by blocking substrates from binding to the active site

competitive inhibitors: reduce enzyme activity by ____________ substrates from binding to the _______ _______

reduce enzyme activity by blocking substrates from binding to the active site

what is shown in this image

normal substrate binding

what is shown in this image

competitive inhibition

what is the definition of a noncompetitive inhibitor

bind to an area other than active site which changes the shape of the active site preventing substrates from binding

what is a synonym of an active site

allosteric site

what is this image

noncompetitive inhibitors

are cells able to regulate their metabolic pathways

yes

how do cells regulate their metabolic pathways

they control _________ and _____ enzymes are active

how many binding sites do allosteric enzymes have

two binding sites

what are the two binding sites in an allosteric enzyme

• active site

• allosteric site - regulatory site other than the active site

label this pls

simple enzyme

label this pls

multi-subunit enzyme

what is allosteric regulation

molecules binds to to an allosteric site which changes the shape and function of the active site

what can allosteric regulation result in?

inhibition - by inhibitor

stimulation - activator

what type of chemical interactions happen in allosteric regulation?

non covalent interactions

in enzyme regulation, what is allosteric activators

substrate binds to allosteric site and stabilizes the shape of the enzyme so that the active sites remain open

what. type of enzyme regulation is this:

allosteric activator

what is allosteric inhibitor

substrate binds to allosteric site and stabilizes the enzyme shape so that the active sites are closed - inactive form

what type of enzyme regulation is in the picture

allosteric inhibitor

cooperatively - enzyme regulation - definition

substrate binds to one active site (on an enzyme with more than one active site) which stabilizes the active form

why is cooperativity in enzyme regulation considered an allosteric regulation

since binding at one site changes the shapes of other sites

what type of enzyme regulation is shown in this picture

cooperativity

what is the definition of denaturation

protein loses shape due to disruption of weak chemical bonds, becomes inactive

how can pH also cause denaturation

too high concentration of H+ can interfere with protein shape, hydrogen bonding