NETWORKING EXAM

NETWORK LAYER

translates the logical addresses into physical addresses.

ROUTING

When a packet reaches the router's input link, the router will move the packets to the router's output link.

LOGICAL ADDRESSING

is also used to distinguish between source and destination system.

INTERNETWORKING

This is the main role of the network layer that it provides the logical connection between different types of networks.

FRAGMENTATION

Is a process of breaking the packets into the smallest individual data units that travel through different networks.

HOP COUNT

a packet must travel in a route to move from source to the destination.

DELAY

It is a time taken by the router to process, queue and transmit a datagram to an interface.

BANDWIDTH

The capacity of the link is known as a bandwidth of the link. The bandwidth is measured in terms of bits per second.

LOAD

refers to the degree to which the network resource such as a router or network link is busy.

RELIABILITY

Some networks go down more often than others. After network failure, some network links repaired more easily than other network links.

UNICAST ROUTING

One route can be configured to be preferred over others.

BROADCAST ROUTING

In this case, the router creates multiple copies of single data packet with different destination addresses.

MULTICAST ROUTING

packets are sent to all nodes even if they do not want it.

ANYCAST ROUTING

When a packet destined to this logical address is received, it is sent to the host which is nearest in routing topology.

FLOW CONTROL

When a data frame (Layer-2 data) is sent from one host to another over a single medium, it is required that the sender and receiver should work at the same speed.

STOP AND WAIT

This flow control mechanism forces the sender after transmitting a data frame to stop and wait until the acknowledgement of the data-frame sent is received.

SLIDING WINDOW

In this flow control mechanism, both sender and receiver agree on the number of data-frames after which the acknowledgement should be sent.

ERROR CONTROL

is the process of detecting and correcting data frames that have been corrupted or lost during transmission.

DETECTION OF ERROR

Transmission error, if any, is detected by either the sender or the receiver.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

may be positive or negative.

POSITIVE ACK

When the receiver receives a correct frame, the receiver sends a positive acknowledge.

NEGATIVE ACK

When the receiver receives a damaged frame or a duplicate frame, the receiver sends a negative acknowledgment back to the sender and the sender must retransmit the correct frame.

RETRANSMISSION

If an acknowledgment of a data-frame previously transmitted does not arrive before the timeout, or a negative acknowledgment is received, the sender retransmits the frame.

STOP AND WAIT ARQ

If the sender receives a negative acknowledgment, the sender retransmits the frame.

GO BACK N ARQ

The sender has buffers called sending window.

SELECTIVE REPEAT ARQ

Both the sender and the receiver have buffers called sending window and receiving window respectively.