Early 20th century

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

1850 - Treaty between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Abrogated by the U.S. in 1881.

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

1901 - Great Britain recognized U.S. Sphere of Influence over the Panama canal zone provided the canal itself remained neutral. U.S. given full control over construction and management of the canal.
(TR) , negotiations with Colombia, six mile strip of land in Panama, $10 million, US could dig canal without British involvement

2nd Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

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Walker Canal Commission

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New Panama Canal Co.

Canal company takes over Panama Canal
Philippe Bunau-Varilla headed this canal building enterprise that offered the US $40 million for its services

Bunau-Varilla

He served as Panama's ambassador and was a French citizen. He was not authorized to sign a treaty on behalf of Panama without Panamanian review. This treaty became a contentious diplomatic issue between the two countries, culminating in riots in which 21 Panamanians and 4 U.S. soldiers were killed.
led Panama revolution to pursuade US to build canal in Panama instead of Nicaragua, became Panaminian minister to US, canal engineer

Hay-Herran Treaty

Treaty that opened the door for the building of the Panama Canal; in return for a Canal Zone six miles wide, the United States agreed to pay Colombia Dollar 10 million in cash and a rental fee of $250,000 a year; the United States Senate ratified the Hay-Herran Treaty in 1903 but the Colombian Senate held out for $25 million in cash.

Bidlack Treaty

1848, named after American diplomat in charge of negotiating. Signs this treaty with Columbia, gives US the right of transit through Columbia by any means currently available or which may be developed earlier. At the time, not necessarily thinking about a canal. First major development in Panama is a railroad, not canal. In return, US guarantees sovereignty of Columbia over Panama. Following year, similar treaty signed with Nicaragua, yet never ratified.

Armador

Pearling entrepreneurs with ships, stores, tools, and crews and finances necessary for pearl diving expeditions.

Panamanian revolt

1903, US supported the revolt in order to gain control of land to make the Panama Canal. US supported Panamanian independence.
Panama was technically a part of Columbia, TR backs Panama in a revolt. Shady deal that ended with the gain of the Panama Vanal.

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

1903 - U.S. guaranteed the independence of the newly-created Republic of Panama.
(1903) treaty that granted the US land to build the Panama canal in exchange for $10 million and annual payments to Panama. Occured shortly after Panama's independance.

Platt Amendment

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble
(WMc) 1) Cuba makes no treaty with others if in endangers independence 2) can't borrow money if they can't pay back 3)US can get involved with Cuba affairs 4)US has navy there

Guantanamo Bay

Acquired by sending marines. The United States assumed territorial control over Guantanamo Bay under the 1903 Cuban-American Treaty, which granted the United States a perpetual lease of the area without the Cuban Government reacing.

Roosevelt Corollary

(TR) , Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force, first put into effect in Dominican Republic
Addition to the Monroe Doctrine asserting America's right to intervene in Latin American affairs

Cipriano Castro

he was a Venezuelan soldier and dictator. His nickname was the Lion of the Andes, and he was the first person to rule from the mountains. He ruled for nine corrupt years from 1899-1908. During those years he embezzled fast sums of money and lived as an extraordinary libertine. He was deposed by his lieutenant Juan Vicente Gomez who was even more ruthless then he was. His rule was marked by frequent rebellions, the murder or exile of his opponents, his own extravagant living, and trouble with other nations. When he refused to make payments on foreign debts, British, German, and Italian ships set up a blockade in 1902 to force payments. This issue was eventually resolved through arbitration. Relied on loans

Venezuela Crisis

When Venezuela and British Guiana had a dispute, the U.S wanted it to be solved. Scared that Great Britain would try to take Venezuela, the U.S interest, the U.S on July 25, 1895 made a note to London saying that either they back off or face the consequences of war. The British then backed off, scared of having a war.
confrontation between the British and the united states over Venezuela's eastern border with British Guiana, president Cleveland's secretary of state invoked the Monroe doctrine and Britain backed off (1895)

Dominican Crisis

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Russo-Japanese War

(1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious.
"The first great war of the 20th century," it grew out of rival imperial ambitions of the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over Manchuria and Korea.

Treaty of Portsmouth

1905 treaty between Russia and Japan ending the Russo-Japanese War
(1905) ended the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). It was signed in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, after negotiations brokered by Theodore Roosevelt (for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize). Japan had dominated the war and received an indemnity, the Liaodong Peninsula in Manchuria, and half of Sakhalin Island, but the treaty was widely condemned in Japan because the public had expected more.

Taft-Katsura Agreement

An agreement where the U.S. recognized Japan's sphere of influence in Korea, and Japan recognized the United State's sphere of influence in the Philippines. The Taft-Katsura Agreement was an initial step that paved the way for the signing of the Treaty of Portsmouth in September 1905.

Gentlemen's Agreement

Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japenese men already living in the US to join them
This agreement was to stop japanese workers from coming into the US

Great White Fleet

16 American battleships, painted white, sent around the world to display American naval power
1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power. Also to pressure Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

Root-Takahira Agreement

1908 - Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China.
Contract between the U.S. and Japan in which both countries acknowledged Asia's status, their international policies, their respective territorial possessions in the Pacific, and Open Door trade policy. It maintained the status quo and averted armed conflict between the two nations.

Moroccan crises

Kaiser Wilhelm tested the British and French Entente Cordiale, the British had given France the green light to take over Morocco, but Germany intervened twice to test the alliance, Britain supports France both times and the Entente holds
Tensions before world war I over France's desire to take Morocco

Algiciras Conference

settled the Moroccan Crises in favor France. Only Austria-Hungary backed Germany claims in North Africa.

Alaska Border Dispute

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Hague conferences

Theodore Roosevelt, Int'l peace conference of 1899 and 1907. Called by Russia. Main purpose to purpose an arms reduction plan. produced several major procedural innovations. promoted novel ideas of common interests of humankind and the codification of intl law. failed to establish world court but served as an example for League of Nations
Int'l peace conference of 1899 and 1907. Called by Russia. Main purpose to purpose an arms reduction plan. produced several major procedural innovations. promoted novel ideas of common interests of humankind and the codification of intl law. failed to establish world court but served as an example for League of Nations

Arbitration Treaties

Negotiated by U.S. using arbitration, the mediation of a dispute, Taft promoted these
Agreements the US made with European nations during peace time in which signers agreed to settle disputes during a year (cooling off period) and then nations could consider war.

William Howard Taft

(1908-1912), was endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests, Taft fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson
(1857-1930) Twenty-seventh president of the United States; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff. He lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.

Philander Knox

Secretary of State under Taft who proposed that bankers buy the Manchurian railroads and give them to China. His idea was rejected by Japan and Russia, and showered Taft with ridicule.
Secretary of State under President Taft who advocated Dollar Diplomacy.

Dollar Diplomacy

(WT) , President Taft's policy of building strong economic ties to Latin America. (Nicaragua, DR, Haiti, Virgin Islands)
Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.