Intro to Safety and HF Final Exam

Safety

control of hazards to an acceptable level

Safety vs Ergonomics

safety - slam bang

ergonomics - chronic

human factors vs ergonomics

human factors - neck up

ergonomics - neck down

Safety Hierarchy of controls

1. Engineering

2. Administrative

3. PPE

feature

engineering change

procedure

administrative change

System

people and things interacting in an enviroment to achieve a goal

accident

an unwanted event interrupting normal operations causing injury damage or loss

hazard

a condition with potential to cause injury or loss

danger

risk associated with exposure to a hazard

damage

the extent of loss from a uncontrolled hazard

risk

function of chance of accident times impact of the accident

direct cost

easily attributed to accidents

indirect cost

indirect costs associated with accidents (much higher amount lost to indirect reasons)

unsafe acts or unsafe conditions

trick question, accidents are mulifaceted

root cause analysis

always bad design (engineering) or bad procedure (administrative)

OSHA

Occupational Safety and Health Act,

creates and enforces safety standards

NIOSH

National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health

researches safety related things

osha record keeping exemption

organization <10 employees

groups not covered by osha

Self-employed individuals.

• Family farms.

• Coal miners (regulated by MSHA).

• State and local government employees.

• Federal agencies (covered under separate regulations).

OSHA penalty types

1. Egregious - fine for every person exposed or every violation

2. Willful - repeated violation without fixing

3. Repeatable - repeated violation

   4. Serious - violation

diminimus violation

technically a violation not usually cited tho, (standard is > 3ft, actual is 2ft 11 in)

Behavior based safety

reward good behavior and punish bad behavior to shape behavior

negative reinforcement

take away something you dont want

positive punishment

give something you don’t want

positive vs negative

giving vs taking away

reinforcement vs punishment

something you want vs something you don’t

Workers compensation

pay for injury, medical, pay some of salary, not even close to true cost of an injury

federal plan osha

ran by federal level osha s

state plan osha

ran by state level osha, must have at least same standards as osha

recordable

anything beyond first aid

reportable

amputation, loss of eye, death, hospitalization

osha

1-800-321-6742 (OSHA)

Osha injury rate

injuries*200,000/employee hours

OSHA lost work day rate

lost work days*200,000/employee hours

Restricted Days

time where work is prohibited

Days away from work

calendar days away from work

Purpose of accident investigation

to prevent reoccurence

Methods of Hazard Control

1. Eliminate the hazard (engineering solutions, substitution).

2. Reduce hazard severity and exposure (distance, shielding).

3. Implement safety devices and procedures (guards, PPE, training).

4. Use warnings (signs, alarms).

5. Enforce personal protective equipment (PPE).

6. Apply administrative controls (worker rotation, scheduling).

Near Miss

almost an accident, free warning chance to fix before an accident happens

JHA/JSA

Job Hazard/Safety Analysis

Steps in Job Hazard Analysis

1. Select Jobs for Analysis – Prioritize tasks with high injury risks.

2. Involve Employees – Workers provide insights on hazards.

3. Break the Job into Steps – Document each stage of the task.

4. Identify Potential Hazards – List risks at each step.

5. Recommend Controls & PPE –

• First: Engineering controls (if feasible).

• Then: Safe procedures & PPE.

6. Review & Revise Periodically – Update as needed.

Common Guarding Methods

• Fixed Guards – Permanent barriers.

• Interlocked Guards – Disable machine when opened.

• Adjustable Guards – Can be repositioned for different tasks.

• Self-Adjusting Guards – Adjust based on material movement.

• Devices – Presence sensing, pullback, two-hand controls.

E-Stops Considerations

E-Stops must not be used for routine operation.

• E-Stops must be tested regularly.

• Must be easily accessible.

Nip point

Where rotating parts meet (must be guarded).

• Blades & Cutting Tools

must have safety covers

presses and power tools

Require presence-sensing devices or two-hand controls.

wood working machines

Saws, lathes, and sanders must have blade guards and kickback prevention.

housekeeping

Clean work areas reduce trip and fire hazards. (can be cited)

2 hand trip

both hands on controls to start cycle

2 hand control

both hands on controls at all times

machine guardng magic number

7 feet

interlock

device that stops when opened, microwave

Lock out Tag out

prevents the accidental release of hazardous energy during servicing or maintenance.

Affected Employee

Uses or works near equipment under LOTO. trained

Authorized employee

Performs LOTO procedures. doing the maintenance

no lock box # of locks

persons * sources

with lock box # of locks

persons + sources

Noise

Unwanted sound

x dB + x dB

x +3 dB

Outer ear

directs sound

middle ear

transfer of sound in tymanic membrane and to ossicular chainin

ner ear

vibrations travel through fluid to organ of corti

dosimeter

clip on sound meter

Nerve deafness

inner ear damageco

nduction deafness

middle/outer ear damage

audiometer

evaluate hearing

audiogram

hearing test

presbycusis

loss due to age

sociocusis

loss to non work soocio reasons (traffic, appliances, or loud music)

nosocusis

loss due to pathological reasons (drug use or hypertension)

employers with > 8 TWA of 85 dB or above

• must have hearing conservation program

• Employees must participate

• Compliance with OSHA is not enough to prevent hearing damage

OSHA assumes dB doubles every ? dB

3 dB

>90 dB

• must wear hearing protection

• must implement engineering controls

Noise is most common vibration effect for

1. vibration of internal organs

2. mental fatigue and failure

3. lossening of fastures

4. vibrating tool disorders

Human Vibration

1. Segmental/Local

2. Full Body

Short term noise exposure generally causes

psychological effects

Effects of Noise Environment

1. Hearing Loss

2. Physical Damage

3. Annoyance

4. Distraction

5. Interference

6. Other disorders… Raynaud’s Syndrome

Equivalent Sound Level (Leq)

average sound energy over a specific period

If at arm length and shouting

probably >90 dB

Noise Reduction Rating

how much noise a hearing protection device can reduce

Time Weighted Average

(NRR-7)/2

>105 dB

Should wear earplugs and muffs

Noise Dosage

Sum of Ci/Ti

Ci - time spent at Leq

Ti = duration permited at Leq

Coupling

How a person is connected to a vibrating device

Vibration/Noise Control

1. Source

2. Path

3. Receiver

Ergoomics/Human Factors

interactions among humans and other elements to optimize well being and system performance

Integumentary

Skin

Skeletal

bones, joints, teeth

Muscular

Muscles

Cardiovascular

heart/blood vessels

Lymphatic

Transports fluid from tissues and bloodstreams

Nervous

Body messaging center

Endocrine

manages hormones

Respiratory

Facilitates breathing

Digestive

Breakdown of food into nutrients

Urinary

Filters and disposes waste

Reproductive

make babies

Skeletal Muscle

under our control most of the time, facilitates movement

Cardiac Muscles

Heart muscles tha pump blood