AP PSYCHOLOGY FLASHCARDS unit 0

Critical thinking

Thinking that doesn’t accept all arguments or conclusions, it finds bias and analyzes sources with unique conclusions (think about L not accepting the random deaths)

Cognitive bias

Thinking that affects decisions and judgment (think about light underestimating L)

Hindsight Bias

The habit to believe that after learning an outcome, that someone would already know (I knew it all along)

Over confidence

The habit of overestimate the accuracy of knowledge, beliefs or judgments (think about near tracking kira, he fails to realize that mellows actions helped him)

Perceiving order in random events

A human habit to seek out patterns in random events (seeing shapes in clouds)

What are the key elements for a scientific attitude?

1 curiosity

2 skepticism

3 humility

CSH

Peer Review

Evaluating a study accuracy and theory to see if it deserves to be published

Theory

Explanation of behaviors or events by giving ideas that organizes observations.

Ex: a theory of how sleep affects memory includes sleep related observations

Hypothesis

A testable prediction often implied by a theory. Results could support or not the theory

Ex: L setting up a clear testable cause and Effect prediction to run his experiment using Lind L tailor

Falsifiability

The possibility that an idea, hypothesis or theory can be disproven by observation of experiment.

Ex: L's theories are scientific because they can be tested and disproven.

L locking up light but kira's murders continue

What does a useful theory contain?

1) organizes observations

2) predictions, implies predictions that anyone can check the theory

3)creates further research that leads to a revised theory

OPC

Operational definitions

A carefully worded statement of operations used in a research study.

Ex: human intelligence may be defined by intelligence test measure

Replication

Repeating the steps of a research study, usually with difference people and situations

The case study

A non experimental technique in which individual or group is studied in depth, in the hope of revealing universal principles

Naturalistic observation

A non experimental technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate the situation

Ex: L installing cameras around light's house to observe his routine without changing a thing

Survey

A non experimental technique used to collect self reported attitudes or behaviors of a group, questioning random sample of the group

social desirability

when a dentist asks if you floss ur teeth everyday but you say yes to look responsible, but you only floss once a week

self report bias

people lying they sleep 8 hours a night when their smartwatch says 6 hours

sampling bias

trying to find average height of general public but only collecting for tall people

convenience sampling

asking the first 5 people you know in your class for their signature because you are too lazy to interact with anyone else

representative sample

a small group that perfectly m,irrors traits of a large population

random sample

lottery, everyone has a fair chance

population

all those in a group being studied, from which random samples will be taken

Correlation coefficient

number between +1.00 and -1.00 that shows strength in relationship between two things (negative means one increases one falls)

Variable

anything that can vary

scatterplot

graphed cluster of dots representing values of two variales (little scatter is strong)

dicrectionality problem

people with high anxiety drink a lot of coffe but we cant tell if its because coffe causes anxiety or if anxiety makes people buy coffe

illusory correlation

believing a connection exists when there isnt

regression towards the mean

student that usually gets c suddendly gets an A and then falls back into c

Experiment

group exposed to the one factor that has direct effect

experimental group

participants that get the real treatment

control group

group that does not receive treatment

Random assignment

flipping a coin, drawing random name to place participants in groups that will make them equal

single blind

participant doesnt know if they received treatment or placebo

double blind

both participant and research staff dont know who got treatment or placebo

independent variable

factor that is manipulated, effect is studied

confounding variable

factor other than the studied factir, might influence result!

experimenter bias

bias that is caused by results affected by personal beliefs

dependent variable

outcome that is measured

validity

the extent to which a tester measures what it is supoosed to do

quantitative research

research method that relies on quantifiable data

qualiatitave research

not number based, in depth based

theoretical principles

core ideas, rules, laws

resulting principles

outcomes, after ideas

informed consent

consent if participant wants to paticipate or not

debriefing

after study explanation of its purpose and any lies

Descriptive statistics

data used to describe characteristics of groups

Histogram

bar graph depicting frequency distribution

mode

most frequent

median

middle number

mean

the average by adding and dividing

percentile rank

percent of scores lower than given

skewed distribution

representation that lacks symmetry around average number

range

difference between highest and lowest numbers

standard deviation

measure of how much numbers vary arouund mean

normal curve

bell shaped curve that represents distribution of data

inferential statistics

data that allows us to generalize and infer from sample, the probabilities

meta analysis

procedure to analyze results of many studies

statistical significance

how likely a result occurred by chance (assuming theres no diff between population)

effect size

strength of relationship of two variables. greater effect size, the more one can be explained by the other