2310 texas history exam 1 ttu

Pleistocene Epoch

massive ice sheet that covered North America, humans entered during this time starting the prehistoric era

homo sapines

modern humans that entered via beringia. they later became the native tribes

Beringia

land connecting Siberia and alaska which allowed humans to enter America

archaic people

Hunter-gatherers in Texas (6000 BC-AD 700) who adapted to warming climates. They developed new tools and food strategies that sustained nomadic life.

woodland

-marked bow and arrow use

- pottery

-permanet villages

- This era began agriculture

late prehistoric

era after 1200 when maize farming expanded. trades like caddo started to emerge

development of ag

pottery farming and bow and arrow

caddo

- east texas along the red river

-caddo means real chief

- permanent villages that looked like beehives

caddo culture

- long-distance trade

- produces a large surplus of crops

-trade

- depend on the hierarchy of leaders for religon and politicics

Karankawas

- gulf coast

-fishing and gathering

- relied on bow and arrow for fishing and war

- they fiercely resisted European settlement

coachuiltecans

- south texas, lived on rio grande and guadulped

-scares reasources

-later Spanish missons

apache

-hunted buffalo as the main food source

- mobility and horse culture conflict with Spanish settlers

Christopher Columbus

initiated Spanish colonization of the Americans

Spanish advantages over the natives

-horse

-steel weapons

-firman

-Spain's military superiority

Columbian exchange

-exchange of crops, animals, and diseases between Europe and the americans

- it transformed native life in texas and introduced horses and cattle

alvar Nunez cabeza de vaca

Shipwrecked in Galveston. Karanwas demanded he serve as a doctor—forced to be a slave, he escaped and lived as a trader

- he wrote the relacion

Relacion

Cabeza de vaca's memoir of his journey. It inspired myths of riches in Texas.

Conquistadors

spainish soldier explorers seeking wealth and empire. They conducted early expeditions into texas

Fransico vaqzuez de coronado

explored the southwest in the 1540s searching for cibola. thought he found no gold, he revealed the texas plains environments.

encomienda

The Spanish system granted colonist control over native labor. It was harsh and pushed Spain toward missions as an alternative.

presidios

military forts soldiers

missions

religious outpost priest

presidio and mission system

worked together to secure Spain's frontier. Missions aimed to convert natives, while the presidio provided protection

Missionaries/franciscans

catholics friars who spread christianity through missions. Frsnci

Mestenos

wild horses of texas that spread after Spanish introduction. They became central to native and anglo culture

Pueblo revolt

Pueblo Indians in NW revolted again Spanish rule.It weakened Spain and opened room for the French into Texas

Rene Robert cavalier sieur de la salle

French explorer who founded fort st Louis on matagorda bay in 1685. His failure spurred Spain to streghthne its hold on texas

Lousiana

claimed by France ceded to Spain

Louis XIV

French king who supported la Salle expedition. He made Spain more scared fir French texas

Matagorda bay

La salles failed colony

became spainsih settlement

Gracitas creek

where his own men killed la Salle

his death need French coloizarion attempts

Alonso de Leon

-spanish gov

-destroyed fort st Louis

-led expedition of east texas

Father massanet

-Franciscan missionary

- help establish mission Francisco de los tejas in 1690

Mission San Francisco de los tejas

- first spainish mission in east texas

- failed due to disease

Domingo teran de los rios

- 1st governor of Spanish texas who struggled in control the area

San Juan bautista on the rio grande

A mission and presidio complex near Rio Grande. It served as a gateway into east texas

Louis junchereau de Saint Denis

- French trader who assisted the Spanish in founding missions

-tied French and Spanish interest together

Remon expedition

Spainish effort in 1716 to re establish east texas missions

- reinforced Spains presence against France

Marin de Asarco

Spanish governor who founded san antionio de Bexar in 1718

Mission san Antoni de Valero

-1718

-later became the alamo

-central of techs history

EST ranching

Spanish settlers developed ranching in South Texas. A lasting legacy of Spanish culture

San Ferando de Bexar

- Cilvi settlement founded near San Antonio in 1731

- a hub of Spanish texas life

comanches in texas / Comancheria

-powerful plains horse warriors who dominated texas in the 1700s. Their presence limited spainish expansion

Mission Santa Cruz de san saba

Mission 1757 built to convert apaches, destroyed by comanches

- Symbolized Spains weakness on the frontier.

Jose de escandon

-spainish colonizer

- founded nuevo Santander in south texas

- efforts expanded settlement along the rio grande

Nuevo santander

region in northeastern Mexico and south texas settled by escandon. it became a lasting colony

- city

Treaty of Paris 1763

- ended the French and Indian war

-giving Spain control of Louisiana

rubi inspection of 1767

- Spanish review of the northern frontier recommending closing East Texas missions. It shifted the settlement toward San Antonio

Bernado de galvez

-Spainish governor of lousiana

- aided American colonists in the revolution.

- showed Spains role in weakening Britain

treaty of san Lorenzo

- aka pinckeny treaty

- defined boundaries with the us

-spain gave America the rights of navigation on the Mississippi River

Miguel Hidalgo y costilla

- Mexican priest

-isses the grit de Dolores 1810

-revolt began Mexicos war for independence

Grito de dolores

Hidalgo's call for Mexican indepence from Spain. It inspired widespread rebellion

Criollo

spianiards born in America

ofter sought more power and opposed peninsular

peninsulares

spaniards born in Spain

Republican army of the north

Rebel force formed the us filibusters and mexican revolutionaries. It invaded texas in 1812 but was crushed

Battle at the Medina river

- defeat if the Republican army of the north by spainsh forces

-bloodest battle

Adams onion treaty

agreement between Spain and the us setting the Sabine River. Spain fave Florida to us

Treaty of Cordoba

recognized Mexicos independence from Spain.

marked the end of Spanish rule in texas

Spain's legacy in texas

Spain left ranching, missions, presidios and cultural influences

Moses Austin

1st anglo empresario

gained permission to settle in texas but died

his son Stephen carried out his plan

Baron de bastrop

influential figure who helped Moses and Stephan f Austin gain settlement rights

empresario

land contractor who recruited settles to texas under mexican law

brought lots of anglos to texas

Stephen F Austin

-father of texas

- established old 300 settlement

- founded the capital Austin

San Felipe de Austin

capital of Austins colony and center of anglo settlement

hub of political activity

old 300

first 300 anglo families settled by Stephen f Austin. They set the foundation

acres of land

federal constitution of the us of Mexico

eastblished Mexico as a federal republic. it allowed texas to be joined with Coahuila

Coahuila y Texas

Mexican state combining Coahuila and Texas. Its capital was Saltillo, far from Texas' settlers

Martín De León

Mexican empresario who founded the colony of Victoria. His colony was unique for being largely Mexican rather than Anglo.

Guadalupe Victoria

First president of Mexico after independence. His leadership began the federalist tradition in Mexico.

Imprinting the Southern U.S

Anglo settlers brought Southern culture, farming, and slavery into Texas. This shaped Texas' economy and society.

Anglo influence

By the 1830s, Anglos outnumbered Mexicans in Texas. Their cultural and political differences fueled tensions

Mier y Terán

Mexican general sent to inspect Texas. His report warned of Anglo dominance and influenced new restrictive laws.

Law of April 6, 1830

Mexican law restricting U.S. immigration to Texas, banning further slavery imports, and placing military garrisons. It angered settlers and increased tensions leading to revolution.