chp.5-6 biopsych

The tiny space between the pre-synaptic terminal and the post-synaptic receptor site is the

synaptic cleft

Metabotropic receptors are slower because they

Use second messengers and G-proteins to produce metabolic effects

What is the approximate resting membrane potential of most neurons?

-70mV

IPSPs are "inhibitory" because they _____ the membrane, moving it further from the threshold.

hyperpolarize

the specific voltage level that must be reached to trigger an action potential is known as the:

Threshold potential

Dopamine is often referred to as the "pleasure chemical" because it is involved in:

The brain's reward system and feelings of pleasure

Neurotransmitters are stored in the axon terminal inside small "storage packets" called:

synaptic vesicles

Ionotropic receptors are generally slower than metabotropic receptors because they act directly on ion channels.

False

At the peak of an action potential, sodium channels open even wider while potassium channels begin to close.

False

Which part of the brain, involved in executive function, undergoes significant maturation well into adolescence?

Frontal lobes (prefrontal cortex)

Higher family income has been correlated with expanded surface area in brain regions governing:

Language and executive function

The ABCD study is tracking over 11,000 children to investigate:

Adolescent brain development and child health

Which type of drugs have shown potential to reopen critical periods and increase neuroplasticity in mice?

Psychedelic drugs

The brain's ability to meet task demands with minimal energy expenditure is called:

Neural efficiency

he Baby’s First Years project found that infants in families receiving large cash gifts showed greater electrical brain activity associated with:

Better language and cognitive outcomes

Approximately how many neurons are generated every hour during the early developmental period?

4.6 million

Hebb's rule is often summarized by the phrase

Neurons that fire together, wire together"

The cerebrum is the largest part of the adult brain.

True

Long-term potentiation (LTP) involves the weakening of synaptic connections.

False

What is the approximate resting membrane potential of most neurons?

-70mV

Which part of the neuron contains the nucleus and organelles responsible for metabolism?

Soma

Which part of the neuron primarily receives signals from other neurons?

Dendrite

Where is the action potential normally initiated?

Axon hillock

Which structure increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction?

Myelin sheath

The sodium-potassium pump moves

3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions in

The sodium-potassium pump requires

ATP

Large negatively charged organic ions inside the neuron help maintain:

A negative resting membrane potential

An EPSP causes:

Depolarization toward threshold

An IPSP causes:

Hyperpolarization away from threshold

Which embryonic layer develops into the nervous system?

Ectoderm

The neural tube eventually develops into the:

Brain and spinal cord

Which primary brain vesicle develops into the cerebrum?

Forebrain

Neurogenesis refers to:

Production of new neurons

During neuronal migration, neurons move from

The neural tube to their target locations

Aggregation is the process in which neurons:

Organize into functional neural circuit

Which type of cell death is programmed and necessary for healthy development?

Apoptosis

Adult neurogenesis primarily occurs in the:

Hippocampus

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) results in:

Stronger synaptic connections

Long-Term Depression (LTD) is important because it:

Weakens unnecessary synaptic connections

A sensitive period is

A period when experience strongly influences development but change remains possible

Why is adolescence considered a sensitive period?

Reward systems mature before self-control systems

As the brain matures, it generally becomes:

More efficient but less plastic

Neural efficiency is improved by:

Myelination and synaptic pruning

Which statement about myelin is TRUE?

It increases conduction speed through saltatory conduction.

If a neuron receives many IPSPs and few EPSPs, it will most likely:

Become hyperpolarized and be less likely to fire

Which developmental process places neurons into their proper brain locations?

Migration

Which process is most directly associated with learning and memory?

Long-Term Potentiation

Which statement best reflects modern neuroscience about the adult brain?

Adults can generate some new neurons and retain limited plasticity