Chapter 8 Review questions (Exam 3)

What is defined as a problem-solving strategy characterized by a specific set of instructions?

Algorithm

What type of intelligence is aligned with academic problem-solving and computations?

Analytical intelligence

What is the term for the faulty heuristic where one fixates on a single aspect of a problem?

Anchoring bias

What type of concept is defined by a very specific set of characteristics?

Artificial concept

What heuristic refers to making decisions based on readily available information?

Availability heuristic

What term describes the processes of thinking, including perception, learning, and memory?

Cognition

What is the field of psychology that studies how people think?

Cognitive psychology

What is the name for a set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time?

Cognitive script

What is a category or grouping of linguistic information or ideas called?

Concept

What bias refers to the tendency to focus on information that confirms your beliefs?

Confirmation bias

What type of thinking involves providing established answers to problems?

Convergent thinking

What intelligence refers to the ability to produce new ideas or solutions?

Creative intelligence

What is the ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas called?

Creativity

What type of intelligence is characterized by acquired knowledge and retrieval ability?

Crystallized intelligence

What ability allows individuals to understand and relate to people from different cultures?

Cultural intelligence

What type of thinking involves thinking outside the box for novel solutions?

Divergent thinking

What learning disability causes difficulty in learning or comprehending mathematics?

Dyscalculia

What learning disability involves extreme difficulty in writing legibly?

Dysgraphia

What common learning disability affects reading and processing letters?

Dyslexia

What type of intelligence involves understanding emotions in oneself and others?

Emotional intelligence

What set of behaviors is also referred to as a cognitive script?

Event schema

What describes the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems?

Fluid intelligence

What is the observation that each generation shows higher IQs than previous ones called?

Flynn effect

What is the inability to see an object as useful for any other purpose known as?

Functional fixedness

What consists of a set of rules used to convey meaning in a language?

Grammar

What is the term for a mental shortcut that saves time when solving a problem?

Heuristic

What is the belief that a recently experienced event was predictable called?

Hindsight bias

What does IQ stand for, in terms of intelligence measurement?

Intelligence quotient

What is the communication system that uses words to transmit information?

Language

What term refers to the words of a given language?

Lexicon

What term is used to describe the continued use of an old solution to a problem?

Mental set

What is the smallest unit of language that conveys meaning?

Morpheme

What theory suggests that each person possesses at least eight types of intelligence?

Multiple intelligences theory

What type of concept is created naturally through experiences?

Natural concept

What process administers a test to a large population to collect reference data?

Norming

What term describes the extension of a language rule to an exception?

Overgeneralization

What is the basic sound unit of language called?

Phoneme

What type of intelligence is informally known as 'street smarts'?

Practical intelligence

What is the method for solving problems called?

Problem-solving strategy

What is the best representation of a concept referred to as?

Prototype

What describes the uniqueness of individual responses to the environment based on genetics?

Range of reaction

What type of bias involves stereotyping without valid basis?

Representative bias

What is a subset of the population that accurately represents the general population called?

Representative sample

What set of expectations defines behaviors of a person in a particular role?

Role schema

What is a mental construct consisting of related concepts called?

Schema

What process derives meaning from morphemes and words?

Semantics

What measure describes the difference between a set of scores and their mean?

Standard deviation

What method ensures consistency in administering and interpreting tests?

Standardization

What term describes how words are organized into sentences?

Syntax

What problem-solving strategy involves trying different solutions until one works?

Trial and error

What theory includes practical, creative, and analytical facets of intelligence?

Triarchic theory of intelligence

What heuristic begins solving a problem with the end result in mind?

Working backwards

What is the capacity to learn from experience and adapt to new situations?

Intelligence

What theory suggests a single general intelligence factor named 'g'?

Spearman’s Theory

What proposes seven primary mental abilities, including numerical ability?

Thurstone’s Primary Mental Abilities

How many intelligences does Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences theory propose?

Eight or nine distinct types of intelligence

What includes analytical, creative, and practical intelligence types?

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

What integrates fluid and crystallized intelligence into a comprehensive theory?

Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Theory

What describes the knowledge and skills acquired through experience?

Crystallized intelligence

What does fluid intelligence allow individuals to do?

Solve new problems and identify patterns independently of acquired knowledge.

What are the Binet-Simon and Stanford-Binet tests designed for?

Measuring intelligence and identifying students needing help.

What do Army Alpha and Beta tests assess?

Group intelligence for literate and non-literate recruits.

What is WAIS commonly used for?

Assessing adult intelligence through verbal and performance components.

What is the average IQ score according to standard IQ testing?

100

What does the Eugenics movement relate to in terms of intelligence?

Selective breeding for perceived 'desirable' traits like intelligence.

What defines good tests in terms of their administration?

Standardization ensures uniform administration and scoring.

How are norms established in intelligence testing?

Through average scores collected from a large population.

What describes the consistency of test results over time?

Reliability.

What determines whether a test measures what it claims to measure?

Validity.

What is the Bell curve used to illustrate in intelligence testing?

The distribution of intelligence scores across a population.

What constitutes intellectual disability?

Below-average cognitive ability, generally with an IQ below 70.

How is giftedness generally defined in terms of IQ?

An IQ of 130 or higher.

What does the Flynn effect indicate about IQ scores?

They have generally increased over time.

What two factors influence intelligence according to psychological research?

Nature (genetics) and nurture (environmental factors).

What are the group differences in IQ scores often attributed to?

Socioeconomic status, education, culture, and access to resources.

What is the stereotype threat?

The risk of confirming negative stereotypes, affecting performance.

What does creativity allow people to do?

Produce original ideas that are valuable and divergent.

What is the difference between divergent and convergent thinking?

Divergent thinking generates multiple solutions; convergent thinking seeks a single correct answer.

What describes neurological disorders affecting reading, writing, or computing?

Learning disabilities.

What is dysgraphia?

Difficulty in writing due to fine motor skill or language processing issues.

What is dyslexia?

A learning disability characterized by challenges in reading.

What is cognition in psychological terms?

The brain's ability to think, perceive, plan, analyze, and remember.

How do concepts and prototypes help in organizing thought?

They categorize information making it easier to process and respond.

What do schemata assist individuals with in social situations?

Following learned patterns of thought and behavior.

In what aspects of daily life do schemata appear?

Social situations and daily routines.

What does language consist of in terms of components?

A lexicon (vocabulary) and a system of grammar.

At what developmental stage does language acquisition occur most naturally?

Early childhood.

How does language influence cognition?

By shaping thought processes and understanding of the world.

What are common problem-solving strategies?

Trial and error, algorithms, and heuristics.

What strategy is useful for solving large problems effectively?

Breaking down the problem into smaller steps.

What can be some roadblocks in problem-solving?

Mental set, functional fixedness, and cognitive biases.

What are the three facets of intelligence according to Sternberg’s theory?

Practical intelligence, creative intelligence, and analytical intelligence.

How does Gardner describe different intelligences?

He proposes at least eight distinct types emphasizing diversity.

Why is measuring creativity objectively difficult?

Its highly subjective and context-dependent nature.

What historical figure initiated intelligence testing?

Alfred Binet.

What intelligence tests are still relevant today?

WAIS-IV and WISC-V.

What is the purpose of the Bell curve in intelligence testing?

To represent the range of intelligence scores and identify averages.