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What Are Institutions and Why Are They Useful?
• Organizations of groups, societies, or cultures to achieve a common goal: "to provide stability and meaning to social life"
• A collection of norms that "regulate the relations of individuals to each other"
New Institutional Theory
- Social Constructs: norms that structure relations between people
- Societal Expectations: basic rules & social expectations of groups, written and unwritten
Formal Institutions
- Influence behavior through laws and regulations
- City, State, and National Governments, EU
- Operate through Laws & Rules
Informal Institutions
- Influence behavior through norms, values, customs, ideologies
- Normative - set Standards: NGOs & Professional Organizations
- Cognitive - shared conceptual ideals
The United Nations (UN)
• 192 member countries dedicated to world peace and stability
• Fosters global business relationships • Helps write international law
• Helps stabilize global economy
• Headquartered in New York City
UN Center for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UN/CEFACT)
- Technical standards and norms
- Standardized trade documents
- Standards for E-data exchange
UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
- Investment in emerging economies
- Development in health, education, governance & political stability
• UN Agencies deal with downsides to globalization:
- Terrorism
- Crime
- Drugs
- Arms Traffic
UN Environmental Programme (UNEP)
- Climate control Convention
- Kyoto Protocol
- Sustainable Business Practices
The Global Compact
Education and health issues needing private industry/developing nation partnerships
UN Economic and Social Council promotes:
- Social Justice
- Human Rights - Labor Rights
The UN Global Compact
Framework for businesses committed to aligning operations and strategies
• 10 universally accepted principles for:
- Human rights - Labor
- The Environment
- Anticorruption
UN Organization 5 working bodies/organs
1. The General Assembly
2. The UN Security Council 3. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
4. International Court of Justice (ICJ)
5. The Secretariat
UN Organs
General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice, SecretariatGeneral Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice, Secretariat
General Assembly
- Adopts resolutions
- Decisions reflect world opinion
- Decisions NOT legally binding
The UN Security Council
- Maintains international peace & security
• 15 members including 5 permanent members
Economic and Social Council (EOCSOC)
Economic & social issues
• Trade & Transport
• Industrialization • Economic development
• Population growth
• Children
• Housing
• Women's rights • Racial discrimination
• Illegal drugs & crime
• Social welfare & youth
• The human environment
International Court of Justice (ICJ) or World Court
- 15 judges
- Worldwide jurisdiction
- Legal decisions between national governments
The Secretariat
- UN staff
- 40,000 people worldwide
- Headed by the Secretary General
International Monetary Institutions
coordinates and enforces international monetary rules
World Bank
lends money for development projects
WTO
- deals with rules of trade between nation
WTO Principles:
1. Trade without discrimination (MFN Principle)
2. Freer trade through negotiation
3. Predictability through binding and transparency
4. Promoting fair competition
5. Encouraging development and economic reform
Doha Development Agenda
- provides market access to least developed nations
- Duty and quota-free imports on manufactured goods
- Agriculture hard to agree on
Trade-related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)
Copyright, trade mark, trade secrets and intellectual property protection
Free Trade Area (FTA)
tariffs among members eliminated but external tariffs remain
Customs Union
collaboration that adds common external tariffs to an FTA
Common Market
customs union that includes mobility of services, people, and capital within a union
Complete Economic Integration
integration on economic and political levels
3 areas of integration (EU)
1. Economic Community
2. Foreign Policy
3. Domestic Affairs
EU Profile Today
- 27 member countries
- 500+ million people
- 7.3%+ of world population
- 20% of global imports & exports
- Supranational body with regional government
European Parliament
legislative body; members popularly elected from member nations
Council of the European Union
the EU's primary policy setting institution
European Commission
27 commissioners responsible for EU's daily operations
Court of Auditors
Reviews spending of EU funds
European Economic and Social Commission (EESC)
• Focuses on occupational & social interests
Committee of Regions (CoR)
Local views on transportation, education & health
European Investment Bank
Finances projects of EU objectives
European Central Bank (ECB)
sets and implements EU monetary policy
European Court of Justice
rules on issues related to EU policies under the Treaty of Rome