Chapter 25: Urinary System Pearson questions

What is the most direct function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

-help regulate water and electrolyte excretion by the kidneys

-help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys

-help regulate blood pressure and the rate of excretion by the kidneys

-help regulate urea absorption by the kidneys

help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys

Which of the following does not describe the juxtaglomerular complex?

-Its granular cells produce renin.

-It regulates the rate of filtrate formation.

-Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone.

-It helps control systemic blood pressure.

Its macula densa cells produce aldosterone.

Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)?

-the stretching of the bladder wall

-motor neurons

-the pressure of the fluid in the bladder

-the sympathetic efferents

the stretching of the bladder wall

Select the correct statement about the nephrons.

-Podocytes are the branching epithelial cells that line the tubules of the nephron.

-The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium.

-Filtration slits are the pores that give fenestrated capillaries their name.

-The glomerulus is correctly described as the proximal end of the proximal convoluted tubule.

The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium.

The __________ is an outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that anchors the kidney and the adrenal gland to surrounding structures. The __________ prevents infections in surrounding regions from spreading to the kidneys.

-renal fascia; perirenal fat capsule

-fibrous capsule; renal fascia

-fibrous capsule; perirenal fat capsule

-renal fascia; fibrous capsule

-renal fascia; fibrous capsule

Which of the three parts of the renal tubule is formed by cuboidal epithelial cells bordered by dense microvilli?

-collecting duct

-nephron loop

-distal convoluted tubule

-proximal convoluted tubule

PCT

T/F: If the GFR is too low, needed substances may pass so quickly through the renal tubules that they are not absorbed and instead are lost in the urine.

False

T/F: Water reabsorption through the proximal convoluted tubule is termed obligatory water reabsorption, whereas water reabsorption through the distal convoluted tubule is termed facultative water reabsorption.

True

T/F: In the absence of hormones, the distal tubule and collecting ducts are relatively impermeable to water.

True

T/F: Atrial naturetic peptide inhibits sodium reabsorption.

True

T/F: The macula densa cells are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in the urea content of the filtrate.

False

sodium content

T/F: Obligatory water reabsorption involves the movement of water along an osmotic gradient.

True

aquaporins are always present in PCT (obligatory)

The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________.

-loop of Henle

-distal convoluted tubule

-collecting duct

-glomerular filtration membrane

loop of Henle

An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________.

-increase in the production of aldosterone

-decrease in the concentration of the blood plasma

-decrease in the production of ADH

-increase in the production of ADH

-increase in the production of ADH

A disease caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary gland with symptoms of polyuria is ________.

diabetes insipidus

Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________.

passive transport

secondary active transport

countertransport

facilitated diffusion

secondary active transport

Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH?

-by reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate ions

-by secreting hydrogen ions into the filtrate

-by producing new bicarbonate ions

-by secreting sodium ions

-by secreting sodium ions

In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle the ________.

-thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption

-thin segment is not permeable to sodium and chloride

-thick segment is permeable to water

-thin segment is freely permeable to water

thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption

Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion?

-angiotensin I and atrial natriuretic peptide

-angiotensin II and ADH

-angiotensin II and aldosterone

-angiotensin I and epinephrine

angiotensin II and aldosterone

How can an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) such as captopril be effective as an antihypertensive?

-ACE inhibitors reduce blood pressure by causing vasodilation in the blood vessels.

-ACE inhibitors reduce blood pressure by causing less antidiuretic hormone to be released, resulting in more water output and a lowering of the blood volume, which lowers the blood pressure.

-ACE inhibitors reduce blood pressure by causing less atrial natriuretic peptide to be released, resulting in more water output and a lowering of the blood volume, which lowers the blood pressure.

-ACE inhibitors reduce blood pressure by causing less aldosterone to be released, resulting in more water output and a lowering of the blood volume, which lowers the blood pressure.

-ACE inhibitors reduce blood pressure by causing less aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone to be released, resulting in more water output and a lowering of the blood volume, which lowers the blood pressure.

-ACE inhibitors reduce blood pressure by causing less aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone to be released, resulting in more water output and a lowering of the blood volume, which lowers the blood pressure.

Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.

-accomplished after the nephron loop is reached

-not limited by a transport maximum

-in the distal convoluted tubule

-hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments

-hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments

If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will ________.

-appear in the urine

-be completely reabsorbed by the tubule cells

-be completely reabsorbed by secondary active transport

-be actively secreted into the filtrate

appear in the urine

Overall, which of the following pressures is ultimately responsible for glomerular filtration?

-capsular hydrostatic pressure

-blood colloid osmotic pressure

-net filtration pressure

-glomerular hydrostatic pressure

net filtration pressure

Which hormone(s) is/are required for facultative water reabsorption in the collecting ducts?

-renin

-aldosterone

-both ADH and aldosterone

-ADH

ADH

T/F: Under normal conditions, the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs all of the glucose, lactate, and amino acids in the filtrate and 65% of the Na+ and water.

True

The PCT quickly recovers nutrients, leaving the latter parts of the nephron to use the water and salt remaining as a vehicle for wastes, and without having to deal with nutrients while making electrolyte and volume adjustments.

T/F: The leading cause of chronic renal disease is hypertension.

False

diabetes

What hormone promotes active tubular secretion of potassium ions in the late distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting ducts?

-atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

-aldosterone

-parathyroid hormone (PTH)

-antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

aldosterone

In what part of the renal tubule does parathyroid hormone (PTH) promote the reabsorption of calcium ions?

distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

descending limb of the nephron loop

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

collecting duct

DCT

Where does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) exert its effects to promote water reabsorption?

-distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

-descending limb of the nephron loop

-collecting duct

-ascending limb of the nephron loop

collecting duct

Which urinary structure serves as the temporary storage site for urine?

renal pelvis

urinary bladder

urethra

ureter

urinary bladder

Which of the following is the correct sequence of kidney development from embryo to fetus?

pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros

pronephros, metanephros, mesonephros

mesonephros, pronephros, metanephros

mesonephros, metanephros, pronephros

pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros

Which of the following best describes glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

-the volume of blood flowing through the glomerular capillaries per minute

-the volume of urine leaving the kidneys per minute

-the volume of filtrate created at the glomerulus per liter of blood flowing through the glomerular capillaries

-the volume of filtrate created by the kidneys per minute

-the volume of filtrate created by the kidneys per minute

Fluid and small solutes that leave the glomerulus are collectively termed filtrate. Glomerular filtration is driven by glomerular hydrostatic pressure (HPg) and produces ~125 ml of filtrate per minute.

Which of the following are mechanisms of intrinsic control of glomerular filtration (renal autoregulation)?

-myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback

-tubuloglomerular feedback and the renin-angiotensin mechanism

-myogenic mechanism and sympathetic nervous system control

-sympathetic nervous system control and the renin-angiotensin mechanism

-myogenic mechanism and tubuloglomerular feedback

Macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) regulate GFR through which intrinsic mechanism?

-sympathetic nervous system control

-tubuloglomerular feedback

-renin-angiotensin mechanism

-myogenic mechanism

-tubuloglomerular feedback

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