AP Bio U1C3

polar covalent bond

type of chem. bond where 2 atoms share electrons unequally

polar molecule

chem. structure w/ uneven electric charge distribution

cohesion

intermolecular attraction between same substance molecules

adhesion

tendency of dissimilar molecules/particles/surfaces to bind/cling to one another

surface tension

elastic-like force on liquid surface that makes it difficult to break/stretch & minimizes its surface area

kinetic energy

energy matter possesses due to its particles’ motion

thermal energy

total kinetic energy of atoms + molecules’ random motion within a system

temperature

quantitative measure of average kinetic energy of particles in substance

heat

transfer of thermal energy between system & surroundings due to temperature difference

calorie

metric unit of energy defined as amount of heat needed to raise 1 g of water by 1°C

kilocalorie

1000 calories

joule

standard unit of measure. for energy, work, & heat

specific heat

amount of heat required to raise temp. of 1 g of substance by 1°C/1 K

heat of vaporization

amount of energy required to change substance from liquid → gas at constant temp. & pressure

evaporative cooling

physical process where liquid evaporates, absorbing heat from surroundings

solution

homogeneous mix of 2+ substances

solvent

usually liquid substance that dissolves another substance (solute) to form solution

solute

substance that dissolves into solvent to form solution

aqueous solution

any mixture where water is solvent

hydration shell

structural layer of water molecules that surrounds & interacts w/ dissolved ion/polar molecule in aqueous solution

hydrophilic

water-loving

hydrophobic

water-repelling

molecular mass

total mass of molecule (adding all atomic masses of its atoms)

mole

scientific unit used to measure # of molecules in substance; 6.022 × 10²³ particles

molarity

unit of conc. measuring # of moles of solute per liter of solution (M = n / V; n = moles of solute, V = liters of solution)

particle

gen. term for any small, localized part of matter (atoms, molecules, ions)

molar mass

mass of 1 mole of a substance

astrobiologists

biologists who look for life elsewhere in universe

hydrogen ion

ion made up of single proton w/ electrical charge of 1+ (H⁺)

hydroxide ion

negatively charged ion, product of hydrogen ion leaving to another water molecule (OH^-)

hydronium ion

positively charged ion, product of hydrogen ion attraction to it by another water molecule (H₃O⁺)

acid

substance that increases H ion concentration of a solution

base

substance that reduces H ion concentration of a solution

pH

the negative logarithm (base 10) of the H ion concentration (pH = -log[H⁺])

buffer

solution made of specific substances that minimize change in hydrogen & hydroxide ion concentrations

ocean acidification

process where dissolved CO² in seawater reacts w/ water to form carbonic acid, lowering ocean pH

dissociation

chem. reaction where compounds split into 2+ particles (atoms, ions, radicals, etc.)

calcification

production of calcium carbonate CaCO₃ by many marine organisms

cal

calorie

kcal

kilocalorie

J

joule

Da

dalton

mol

mole

µmol

micromole

mmole

millimole