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Flashcards covering key vocabulary terms related to the Lymphatic System, Immune System, Respiratory System, and Digestive System. These flashcards are designed to help you review for your upcoming exam.
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Lymph
Fluid similar to interstitial fluid but with less oxygen and fewer nutrients.
Lymph nodes
Rounded organs packed with macrophages and lymphocytes.
Returning fluid to the blood
Prevents edema and maintains normal blood volume and pressure.
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic vessels that carry fluid away from tissues.
Right lymphatic duct
Drains lymph from the upper right quadrant of the body.
Thoracic duct
Drains lymph from the rest of the body (except the upper right quadrant).
Causes of edema
Increased blood pressure, increased capillary permeability, decreased plasma proteins.
Immune system
Defends the body against foreign or dangerous invaders.
Innate (nonspecific) immunity
Immunity you are born with.
Acquired (adaptive or specific) immunity
Immunity developed when the body is exposed to microbes/ chemicals.
First line of defense
Physical and chemical barriers preventing pathogen entry.
Second line of defense
Non-specific cellular and molecular responses to infection.
Phagocytes
White blood cells that engulf foreign particles.
Natural killer cells
Cells that recognize and kill cancer cells and virus-infected cells.
Interferons
Proteins that inhibit viral replication.
Complement system
Mechanism complementing immune response, marking antigens for phagocytosis.
Histamine
Chemical released by mast cells, promoting blood flow and capillary permeability.
Fever
An abnormally high body temperature during infection.
Specific defenses/ Acquired Immunity
Defenses that attack specific, previously encountered antigens.
Humoral immunity
Involves B cells and antibodies, protecting against pathogens in bodily fluids.
Cell-mediated immunity
Involves T cells, protecting against infected or abnormal cells.
Active immunity
Immunity from antibody production in the body due to antigen contact.
Passive immunity
Temporary immunity from introduced antibodies.
Allergy
Exaggerated immune response to common substances.
Autoimmune disorder
When the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues.
Cellular respiration
Process generating usable energy (ATP) within cells.
External respiration
Gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries.
Internal respiration
Gas exchange between tissues and capillaries.
Characteristics of respiratory surfaces
Moist, thin, and large to provide enough gas exchange.
Epiglottis
Flap preventing food from entering the trachea.
Cartilage rings
C-shaped rings that hold the trachea open.
Bronchioles
Small tubes branching from bronchi.
Alveoli
Grape-like sac clusters where gas exchange occurs.
Type I pneumocytes
Cells responsible for gas exchange in alveoli.
Type II pneumocytes
Cells repairing alveolar lining and secreting surfactant.
Alveolar macrophages
Immune cells cleaning up debris in alveoli.
Diaphragm
Separates thoracic and abdominal cavities.
Intercostal muscles
Muscles moving the ribs during breathing.
Control center
Breathing control center in pons and medulla oblongata.
Adrenaline
Increases breathing rate.
Hemoglobin
Globular heme protein carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Myoglobin
Protein storing oxygen in skeletal muscles.
Bohr effect
Increases hemoglobin's tendency to release oxygen.
Emphysema
Condition from ruptured alveoli walls due to smoking.
Asthma
Narrowed airways due to spasms/mucus.
Tuberculosis (TB)
Infectious disease forming tubercles in lungs.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Disease causing obstructed airflow from lungs.
Pneumonia
Inflammation of air sacs in lungs.
Lung cancer
Cancer starting in the lungs.
Digestion
The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into absorbable molecules
Intracellular digestion
Type of digestion where food particles are taken into cells and broken down by enzymes.
Extracellular digestion
Type of digestion where enzymes are secreted to break down food, then absorbed.
Ingestion
Taking food into the gut.
Digestion
Breaking down food into absorbable molecules.
Absorption
Cells lining the digestive tract absorb digestion products.
Elimination
Undigested material passing out of the digestive tract.
Peristaltic motion
Rhythmic contractions of smooth muscles in the digestive tract walls.
Salivary amylase
Enzyme in saliva that hydrolyzes carbohydrates.
Mucus in saliva
Moistens, lubricates food, and protects mouth lining.
Buffers in saliva
Neutralizes food acids, preventing tooth decay.
Lysozyme
Enzyme that kills bacteria in the mouth.
Epiglottis
Closes off the larynx during swallowing.
Cardiac Sphincter
Prevents backflow from stomach into esophagus.
Pyloric Sphincter
Regulates food passage from stomach to small intestine.
Gastrin
Hormone stimulating gastric juice secretion.
Mucus in stomach
Protects stomach lining from acid and pepsin.
Villi and microvilli
Increases small intestine surface area for absorption.
Bicarbonate ions
Neutralizes stomach acid in the duodenum.
Bile salts
Breaks fats into droplets for lipase action.
Jaundice
Yellowing of skin/eyes due to bilirubin buildup.
Trypsin and chymotrypsin
Enzymes completing protein digestion in small intestine.
Nucleases
Enzymes that break down nucleic acids.
Lipase
Breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.
Lacteal
Lymph capillary absorbing fats in small intestine.
Hepatic portal vein
Transports nutrients to the liver.
Sphincter
Undigested material exits small intestine through this sphincter to enter the large intestine
Appendix
Tube connected to the cecum.
Function of large intestine
Absorbs water and minerals.
Liver - Function
Stores glycogen and regulates blood glucose.
Liver - Conversion
Converts carotene into vitamin A.
Mixed type gland
Secretes digestive enzymes and hormones, pancreas
Stomach Ulcer
Caused by partial digestion of the stomach-lining by enzyme pepsin and HCl in gastric juice
Gall Stones
Hardened deposits of cholesterol that block the duct of the gall bladder, causing pain and discomfort.
Diarrhea
Rapid removal of the watery wastes in the large intestine, caused by increased peristaltic action.
Gastritis
A general term for a group of conditions with one thing in common: inflammation of the lining of the stomach.
Constipation
A condition in which it is difficult for the large intestine to be emptied of its wastes.
Reflux
Describes acid produced by your stomach moving up into your esophagus.