Review Flashcards on Lymphatic, Immune, Respiratory, and Digestive Systems

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Flashcards covering key vocabulary terms related to the Lymphatic System, Immune System, Respiratory System, and Digestive System. These flashcards are designed to help you review for your upcoming exam.

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87 Terms

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Lymph

Fluid similar to interstitial fluid but with less oxygen and fewer nutrients.

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Lymph nodes

Rounded organs packed with macrophages and lymphocytes.

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Returning fluid to the blood

Prevents edema and maintains normal blood volume and pressure.

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Lymphatic vessels

Lymphatic vessels that carry fluid away from tissues.

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Right lymphatic duct

Drains lymph from the upper right quadrant of the body.

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Thoracic duct

Drains lymph from the rest of the body (except the upper right quadrant).

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Causes of edema

Increased blood pressure, increased capillary permeability, decreased plasma proteins.

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Immune system

Defends the body against foreign or dangerous invaders.

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Innate (nonspecific) immunity

Immunity you are born with.

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Acquired (adaptive or specific) immunity

Immunity developed when the body is exposed to microbes/ chemicals.

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First line of defense

Physical and chemical barriers preventing pathogen entry.

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Second line of defense

Non-specific cellular and molecular responses to infection.

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Phagocytes

White blood cells that engulf foreign particles.

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Natural killer cells

Cells that recognize and kill cancer cells and virus-infected cells.

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Interferons

Proteins that inhibit viral replication.

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Complement system

Mechanism complementing immune response, marking antigens for phagocytosis.

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Histamine

Chemical released by mast cells, promoting blood flow and capillary permeability.

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Fever

An abnormally high body temperature during infection.

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Specific defenses/ Acquired Immunity

Defenses that attack specific, previously encountered antigens.

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Humoral immunity

Involves B cells and antibodies, protecting against pathogens in bodily fluids.

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Cell-mediated immunity

Involves T cells, protecting against infected or abnormal cells.

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Active immunity

Immunity from antibody production in the body due to antigen contact.

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Passive immunity

Temporary immunity from introduced antibodies.

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Allergy

Exaggerated immune response to common substances.

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Autoimmune disorder

When the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues.

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Cellular respiration

Process generating usable energy (ATP) within cells.

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External respiration

Gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries.

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Internal respiration

Gas exchange between tissues and capillaries.

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Characteristics of respiratory surfaces

Moist, thin, and large to provide enough gas exchange.

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Epiglottis

Flap preventing food from entering the trachea.

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Cartilage rings

C-shaped rings that hold the trachea open.

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Bronchioles

Small tubes branching from bronchi.

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Alveoli

Grape-like sac clusters where gas exchange occurs.

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Type I pneumocytes

Cells responsible for gas exchange in alveoli.

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Type II pneumocytes

Cells repairing alveolar lining and secreting surfactant.

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Alveolar macrophages

Immune cells cleaning up debris in alveoli.

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Diaphragm

Separates thoracic and abdominal cavities.

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Intercostal muscles

Muscles moving the ribs during breathing.

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Control center

Breathing control center in pons and medulla oblongata.

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Adrenaline

Increases breathing rate.

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Hemoglobin

Globular heme protein carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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Myoglobin

Protein storing oxygen in skeletal muscles.

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Bohr effect

Increases hemoglobin's tendency to release oxygen.

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Emphysema

Condition from ruptured alveoli walls due to smoking.

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Asthma

Narrowed airways due to spasms/mucus.

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Tuberculosis (TB)

Infectious disease forming tubercles in lungs.

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Disease causing obstructed airflow from lungs.

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Pneumonia

Inflammation of air sacs in lungs.

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Lung cancer

Cancer starting in the lungs.

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Digestion

The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into absorbable molecules

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Intracellular digestion

Type of digestion where food particles are taken into cells and broken down by enzymes.

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Extracellular digestion

Type of digestion where enzymes are secreted to break down food, then absorbed.

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Ingestion

Taking food into the gut.

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Digestion

Breaking down food into absorbable molecules.

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Absorption

Cells lining the digestive tract absorb digestion products.

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Elimination

Undigested material passing out of the digestive tract.

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Peristaltic motion

Rhythmic contractions of smooth muscles in the digestive tract walls.

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Salivary amylase

Enzyme in saliva that hydrolyzes carbohydrates.

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Mucus in saliva

Moistens, lubricates food, and protects mouth lining.

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Buffers in saliva

Neutralizes food acids, preventing tooth decay.

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Lysozyme

Enzyme that kills bacteria in the mouth.

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Epiglottis

Closes off the larynx during swallowing.

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Cardiac Sphincter

Prevents backflow from stomach into esophagus.

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Pyloric Sphincter

Regulates food passage from stomach to small intestine.

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Gastrin

Hormone stimulating gastric juice secretion.

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Mucus in stomach

Protects stomach lining from acid and pepsin.

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Villi and microvilli

Increases small intestine surface area for absorption.

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Bicarbonate ions

Neutralizes stomach acid in the duodenum.

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Bile salts

Breaks fats into droplets for lipase action.

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Jaundice

Yellowing of skin/eyes due to bilirubin buildup.

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Trypsin and chymotrypsin

Enzymes completing protein digestion in small intestine.

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Nucleases

Enzymes that break down nucleic acids.

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Lipase

Breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.

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Lacteal

Lymph capillary absorbing fats in small intestine.

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Hepatic portal vein

Transports nutrients to the liver.

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Sphincter

Undigested material exits small intestine through this sphincter to enter the large intestine

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Appendix

Tube connected to the cecum.

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Function of large intestine

Absorbs water and minerals.

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Liver - Function

Stores glycogen and regulates blood glucose.

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Liver - Conversion

Converts carotene into vitamin A.

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Mixed type gland

Secretes digestive enzymes and hormones, pancreas

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Stomach Ulcer

Caused by partial digestion of the stomach-lining by enzyme pepsin and HCl in gastric juice

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Gall Stones

Hardened deposits of cholesterol that block the duct of the gall bladder, causing pain and discomfort.

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Diarrhea

Rapid removal of the watery wastes in the large intestine, caused by increased peristaltic action.

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Gastritis

A general term for a group of conditions with one thing in common: inflammation of the lining of the stomach.

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Constipation

A condition in which it is difficult for the large intestine to be emptied of its wastes.

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Reflux

Describes acid produced by your stomach moving up into your esophagus.