Chapter 2 AP Bio Quiz

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes: Key differences?

Prokaryotes: No nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, smaller/simpler.

Eukaryotes: Nucleus, organelles (compartments) for efficiency.

Lab ID tip: Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes?

Check for nucleus and organelles.

Eukaryote advantage?

Specialized compartments = increased efficiency.

SA:V ratio and cell efficiency?

Larger SA:V ratio = more efficient substance exchange.

Cell adaptations to increase surface area?

Folds in membrane.

Endosymbiosis Theory?

Larger prokaryote engulfed smaller one ('big engulfes the small') → mutualism → eukaryote evolution.

Evidence for Endosymbiosis Theory?

Mitochondria & chloroplasts have own DNA, double membranes, similar to cyanobacteria.

Path of secreted/outside proteins?

DNA → mRNA → ribosome (rough ER) → Golgi → vesicle → cell membrane.

Path of internal proteins?

DNA → mRNA → ribosome (cytoplasm) → stays in cell.

Rough ER function?

Makes proteins.

Smooth ER function?

Makes lipids + detoxifies.

Golgi apparatus function?

Modifies & packages proteins.

What are ribosomes & where found?

In all cells; make proteins from DNA/RNA instructions.

How do ribosomes show common ancestry?

Present in all cells, same fundamental function.

How do viruses use ribosomes?

Hijack ribosomes for replication.

Why is high SA:V ratio important?

High SA:V = high efficiency (nutrient absorption/waste removal).

In SA:V problems, what indicates higher efficiency?

A bigger SA:V ratio.