cartilage, collagen, and bone parts lec 1-7 exam

Name the 3 bone cells and their function

Osteoblasts: lay down new bone

Osteocytes: mature bone cell; found in lacunae

Osteoclasts: break down bone; take the calcium

out of the bone and put it into the blood,

especially when blood calcium levels are too

low.

What is bone’s Extracellular matrix made up of?

Mineral salts with lots of phosphate.

What is calcification?

The deposit of calcium salts within a tissue.

What is ossification?

the process of laying down new bone by

osteoblasts.

What is the functional unit of Compact

bone?

OSTEON

What is the end of the long bone called?

proximal and distal EPIPHYSIS (where

spongy bone is)

What is the shaft of a long bone called?

DIAPHYSIS

What is in the center of the bone?

MEDULLARY CANAL

What is the MEDULLARY (“middle”)

CANAL filled with?

yellow marrow (adipose tissue)

what is the function of yellow marrow

function is to store fat.

Where does RBC production take place?

Red marrow (spongy bone)

What is the name of the growth plate in

children, and what is this structure called in

adults?

Children: epiphyseal plate

Adults: epiphyseal line

What tissue surrounds the whole bone?

PERIOSTEUM

Where are bone marrow transplants taken

from?

Flat bones (sternum), but also the iliac

crest and vertebrae bodies

SESAMOID BONE?

a specialized short bone that occurs within a

tendon, such as the patella (kneecap)

What is the most common bone used for a

bone graft?

the iliac bone of the hip.

What are the stages of healing after a

BONE FRACTURE

Bleeding, then hematoma (blood clot)

Then a fibrocartilage callus forms

Then a bony callus forms.

Osteoclasts then finish remodeling the bone.

where does ossification occur?

It occurs in bone, cartilage or

fibrous connective tissue

functions of periosteum

serves as the attachment site for tendons and ligaments

Besides shape, what is another way to classify epithelium

By whether it is moist or dry

two types of moist epithelium

Mucosa and Serosa

What’s an example of a mucosal epithelium?

pseudo-stratified epithelium

What type of substance does serosa epithelium secrete?

Watery secretions, like sweat

Where is serosa epithelium found?

parts of the body that need lubrication

dry epithelium

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Is collagen a cell or just a protein fiber?

a type of protein fiber

where is collagen found?

in all connective tissues (except blood)

What cell makes collagen?

fibroblasts

What is connective tissue made of?

Collagen

What type of cartilage has the most collagen?

Fibrocartilage

What type of cartilage is best at resisting compression forces?

Fibrocartilage

What type of connective tissue has the most collagen?

Dense regular CT

Where is most of the body’s collagen fibers found?

Dermis

Does collagen regenerate well?

No

Why doesn’t collagen regenerate well?

Collagen has very little blood supply

What gives connective tissue an elastic consistency while not interfering with diffusion of materials from area to another?

Collagen

the main function of collagen

provide support and elasticity for connective tissues.

two types of glands

Exocrine Glands

Endocrine Glands

Exocrine Gland

1. secretes substances into a duct

• duct empties out onto the skin or into the lumen of a body tube

Endocrine Glands

secretes its product (hormones) into blood

four types of exocrine glands based on the type of secretion

1) M ucus

2) O il Glands

3) M ixed Glands (serous + mucous)

4) S erous Glands

serous glands secrete

Sweat (watery secretion)

mucous glands secrete

Mucous (watery secretion)

oil glands secrete

Waxy and oily substances (no water)

mixed glands secrete

Water and mucous (watery secretion)

example of a mixed gland

Salivary gland

three types of glands classified by the method of secretion

1) Merocrine Glands

2) Apocrine Glands

3) Holocrine Glands

produce a secretion by the process called exocytosis

Merocrine Glands

functions of Merocrine glands

secrete sweat, which functions for

a) Thermoregulation

b) Inhibiting bacteria on the skin

c) Excretion of water, electrolytes, drugs

DO NOT function as a lubricant for the skin

What gland accumulates material in the apical section, the top if the cell breaks off, and the material is released?

Apocrine Glands

two examples of an apocrine gland

1. Mammary glands

2. glands associated with pubic and axillary hairs

What gland secretes a protein?

Apocrine glands

two types of sweat glands

Merocrine (Eccrine) and apocrine

Which gland will break off entirely with all the contents inside?

Holocrine Glands

Example of a Holocrine Glands

sebaceous glands

Which glands are found in the axilla and pubic regions?

Apocrine

2 types of glands are found all over the body

Sebaceous and Merocrine (Eccrine)

two types of glands classified by their structure (What they look like)

Unicellular Glands and Multicellular Glands

Where is a goblet cell found?

In the Respiratory Tract ; trachea

two types of multicellular glands

alveolar or tubular

simple (no branches) or compound (has branches)

Simple alveolar

Simple tubular (sweat glands)

Compound alveolar (mammary)

Compound tubular

Name the 4 SKELETAL SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS

1. Mineral storage, especially calcium

2. Structural support to the body

3. Protection of various regions of the

body

4. Formation of blood cells in the marrow

What do all types of cartilage have in

common?

A. CHONDROCYTES within spaces

called LACUNAE

B. Surrounded by dense irregular fibrous

connective tissue called

PERICHONDRIUM.

C. Avascular

D. Dense Extracellular matrix

Name the spaces that Chrondrocytes are

within

LACUNAE

4. Name the 3 types of cartilage

 Where in the body is each type found?

1. Hyaline Cartilage: joints

2. Elastic Cartilage: ear

3. Fibrocartilage: vertebral discs

Which cartilage has many elastin fibers?

ELASTIC CARTILAGE

What is an immature cartilage cell called?

chondroblast

What is a mature cartilage cell called?

chondrocyte

How does fibrocartilage differ from other cartilage?

Fibrocartilage has more collagen fibers than other

cartilages

How does cartilage grow?

Appositional = (growth in diameter)

1. Increased activity of the chondroblasts

2. extracellular matrix is added on the

sides.

Interstitial = (growth in length)

1. Increased activity of the chondrocytes

2. Extracellular matrix is added between the

cells

What gives bone flexibility?

Collagen fibers

What gives bone strength?

Minerals