COMM1000 Final

Linear Model of Communication:

theory that views communication as a one-way process in which a source conveys an encoded message through a channel to a receiver, who then decodes that message

Transactional Model of Communication:

theory that proves communication as a constant process in which all parties simultaneously play the roles of sender and receiver

Interactive Model of Communication:

communication theory that views communication as a two-way process that includes feedback and the environment

Encoding:

taking an abstract notion and providing it meaning through the application of symbols

Decoding:

the process of drawing meaning from the symbols that were used to encode a message

Public Speaking Myths:

Public speaking is a talent, not a skill

Speech is easy

There is no "right way" to deliver a speech

Communication Apprehension

the fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with another or others

Rise in blood pressure, shortness of breath, galvanic skin tightening, perspiration (sweat)

physical effects of communication apprehension

Modes of delivery:

4 - manuscript, memorized, impromptu, extemporaneous

Memorized Delivery:

when a speaker commits an entire speech to memory and delivers with no notes in front of audience

Manuscript Delivery:

when a speaker has an entire speech written out word-for-word in front of audience as they speak

Impromptu Delivery:

a presentation done with little or no preparation

Extemporaneous Delivery:

a speech delivered with notes but without the entire speech in front of the speaker; conversational

Public speaking can be

learned!

Pronunciation:

the accepted standard of how a word sounds when spoken

Articulation:

physically producing the sound needed to convey the word

Stages of Practice:

early, middle, final

Early Stage:

organization

Middle Stage:

feedback

Final Stage:

refining your speech

Quality over Quantity

focus more on the quality rather than the quantity of time you spend practicing

Supporting Materials

examples, statistics, testimony

Expert Testimony:

testimony from someone who has conducted extensive research on the topic, has significant experience with the topic, or holds a position that lends credibility to their ideas on the subject matter

Peer Testimony:

testimony from someone who is in the same peer group as the audience, but who is not necessarily an expert on the topic

Deductive Reasoning:

uses specific premises to reach an unavoidable and certain conclusion

Inductive Reasoning:

based upon probabilities rather than absolutes

Reasoning by Cause:

arguments that claim one event or factor produces an effect

Reasoning by Example:

the process of inferring general conclusions and making general claims from specific cases

Reasoning by Analogy:

when you compare 2 similar cases in order to argue that what is true in one case is also true in the other

Reasoning by Sign:

occurs when the presence of one thing indicates the presence of another

Ad Hominem Fallacy:

attacking the opposing person's character instead of their argument

Ad Vericundium Fallacy:

appeal to authority

Slippery Slope Fallacy:

if one action is taken, other unavoidable events will happen next

Non Sequitur Fallacy:

making unjustified moves from one idea to another

Straw Man Fallacy:

the speaker distorts the actual position of another (oversimplifying, taking their comments out of context)

Hasty Generalization Fallacy:

drawing conclusion with little to no evidence

Either-Or Fallacy:

assuming there are only two alternatives, when in reality there are more (this is used to limit alternatives or force choice)

False Cause Fallacy:

one event causes a totally non-related event to occur

Red Herring Fallacy:

introduction of irrelevant ideas to focus attention away from the real issue

Begging the Question Fallacy:

we assume certain facts that have not been proven (Generalizations... "everyone agrees", or a position without evidence)

Categorical Syllogism:

a syllogism in which the argument is based on membership in a group

Disjunctive Syllogism:

a syllogism in which the major premise includes 2 or more mutually exclusive alternatives

Conditional Syllogism:

a syllogism in which the major premise contains a hypothetical condition and its outcome

Syllogism:

formal structure, lays out claims that build upon each other to reach a conclusion; major premise, minor premise, conclusion

Arbitrary Language:

symbols used to represent things that are not intrinsically connected to those things

Ambiguous Language:

language that does not have precise, concrete meanings

Obituary Language:

Abstract Language:

words are not concrete or tangible items; they are only representations

Spoken Language:

irreversible; once you say something you cannot "unsay" it, less formal; we do not speak the way we write

Written Language:

can erase it or destroy it,

Repetition:

repeating words and phrases

Alliteration:

repeating the same consonant or vowel sound at the beginning of subsequent words

You will

have public speaking as you grow.

Which careers has the most public speakers?

teachers

Public speaking

looks different depending on your career.

Use language that is

accessible.

Bookend Group Presentation:

a group presentation in which the first speaker is also the last speaker, providing both the introduction and conclusion for the group

Panel Group Presentation:

a group presentation in which individual speakers present their ideas on a single topic or a subset of a topic

Autocratic Leadership:

a style of leadership in which a leader tells group members what they should do

Laissez-Faire Leadership:

a style of leadership in which the leader provides little direction on the task and makes little effort to develop or maintain relationships between group members

Democratic Leadership:

a style of leadership in which a leader finds a balance between task and maintenance dimensions in a group

Assertion Evidence:

presentation style; visual presentation consisting of statement and picture format, blank slides in beginning, in between, and ending

Eulogy:

emotional speeches; a celebration of a person's life

Toast:

most common occasion are weddings

Commemorative Speech:

a speech that commemorates, or celebrates, a person, event, object, or even an idea

Informative Speeches:

speeches to inform; presentations in which speakers explain a topic to an audience without trying to convince them of anything

Persuasive Speeches:

speeches to persuade;

Persuasive Process:

4 - issue awareness, comprehension, acceptance, integration

Issue Awareness:

first step of the persuasive process in which you focus the audience's attention on the issue and show why the issue is important

Comprehension:

stage of the persuasion process in which the audience understands the relevant components of the issue and the position that you want them to take

Acceptance:

third step of the persuasion process in which the audience accepts that the issue is relevant to them

Integration:

the fourth step in the persuasive process in which the audience adopts the position that you want them to take

Artistic Proofs:

Ethos, Pathos, Logos

Ethos:

refers to the credibility that you have on the topic you discuss

Pathos:

refers to the emotional dimensions of your appeal, how you try to speak with the emotion that you wish the audience to feel, and how you construct stories to support your points that generate that emotional response in the audience

Logos:

refers to the logical organization of the evidence you present

Credibility:

the ability of a person to inspire belief or trust in others

Initial Credibility:

the credibility that you have with the audience before you begin your speech, based on your experience and the audience's prior knowledge about you

Derived Credibility:

the form of credibility that manifests itself during your presentation

Terminal Credibility:

the level of credibility that you have when your speech concludes which is the sum of your initial credibility and derived credibility;

Group Roles:

note taker, compiler, moderator, meeting facilitator, logistics coordinator

You create credibility by:

solely walking into the room, deriving your speech and sources, and delivery of your speech.

Ethical speaker:

Speechmaking: choosing topic based on relevance to you and audience, language

Research process: do research and cite correctly

Delivery: eye contact, maintain composure, describe people with respect,

Ethical audience member:

keep an open mind, do not heckle, being quiet, nodding, turning off devices, good posture, being engaged, pay attention,

Culture:

the distinctive ideas, customs, social behavior, products, or way of life of a particular nation, society, people, or period

Co-cultures:

exist within and alongside larger cultural groups, allowing individuals to simultaneously belong to several cultures and co-cultures

Demographic roles in public speaking:

sex, gender, race, ethnicity, etc.

High vs. Low Power Distance Culture:

cultures with high power distance have high levels of inequality in power distribution in organizations, families, and other institutions; whereas cultures with low power distance have less inequality

High vs. Low Uncertainty Avoidance Culture:

High Uncertainty Avoidance: low tolerance for ambiguity and minimize the possibility of uncomfortable, unstructured situations by enforcing strict rules, safety measures, and a belief in absolute truth

Low Uncertainty Avoidance: fewer rules, take risks, and are tolerant of change

Individualism vs Collectivism Culture:

Individualism: have loose toes between individuals and expect each person to look out for them and their immediate family

Collectivism: strong ties between individuals, strong communal bonds, and often live in extended families that are deeply loyal to the group

Masculinity vs. Femininity Culture:

Masculinity: in masculine cultures, men are typically highly asserive and competitive, and women are somewhat assertive and competitive

Femininity: feminine cultures, men and women are both much more modest and caring

Long-term vs. Short-term Orientation Culture:

Long-term orientation: pragmatic and focus on the future rewards, with an emphasis on saving, persistence, and adaptation

Short-term orientation: focus on the present and past and emphasize national pride, tradition and social obligations, and saving "face" in the here and now

Indulgence vs. Restraint Culture:

Indulgent: freely allow gratification of desires that allow individuals to enjoy life and have fun

Restraint: strict social norms and discourage acting simply out of want

Direct observation:

analyse audience before, during, and after

Pulling the audience:

asking the audience a question

General Purpose Statement:

a brief statement representing what you aim to do with the speech; overarching symbol idea

Specific Purpose Statement:

a narrower version of the general purpose statement that identifies what you will talk about, what you will say about it, and what you hope the audience will take away from the speech; detailed

Prep Outline:

full sentences

Speech Outline:

bullet points and notecard

Background Information:

context, introduction