Interactions of Chemical Substances

A polar covalent results from the electrons in the bond being pulled closer to the atom of greater ___________ (giving it a partial negative charge) and away form the atom of lesser ________ (same word)(giving it a positive charge).

Electronegativity

Dipole moment

separation of partial charges across a polar covalent bond results in a vector quantity

Which compound has the bond with the smallest dipole moment?

A. H2O

B. H2S

C. H2Se

D. H2Te

Answer: D

Answer: B

1. (O2)——> 2O

2. this step must have 2O as reactant to cancel it, and 2(O3) on the product end. Whats left would be 2 additional (O2) to combine to 3(O2)

_________________

3(O2 )———>2(O3)

Passage A

Passage A

Passage A

Answer:B

Passage A

Answer: 3

A. Tetrahedral

B. Octahedral

C. Trigonal bipyramidal

D. Square planar

Answer: C

Passage B

Passage B

Answer: B

Answer:C

Passage B

Passage B

Oxygen or Hydrogen?

Answer: Oxygen

Answer:B

characteristics in covalent bonding

All 3

Metal cations with a smaller _______ and higher _______ charge are stronger lewis acids than metal cations with a larger _______ and lower ______.

smaller radius// higher positive

larger ionic radius, lower charge

Te overall bond dissociation energy (increases or decreases) (relative to a single bond) with each additional ____ bond. Consequently, when comapring single, double, and triple covalent bonds involving the same two types of atoms, _____ bonds are stronger and take more energy to break than ______ bonds, and _____ bodns are stronger and take mroe energy to break than ____ bonds.

However, if the strengths of the sigma and pi bond portions of a double or triple bond are considered separately and compared, ___ bond portion is weaker than ____ bond portion.

1. pi

2. triple bonds are stronger and take more energy to break than double bonds

3. and double bonds are stronger…. than single bonds

However…

1. double bond portion is weaker than sigma bond portion

The number of coordinate bonds formed

1 and 3 only

Lewis base

electron pair donor

lewis acid

electron pair acceptor

In the reaction to form the cis isomer shown above, which of the followign structural sites function(s) as a lewis base?

N and O

Formal charge + formula

helps you calculate the theoretical charge of a specific atom within a molecule

formal charge= Group valence-nonbonding electrons-1/2(bonding electrons)

Oxygen valence (6)

6-4-1/2(4)= 0

6-6-1/2(2)=-1

formal charge= Group valence-nonbonding electrons-1/2(bonding electrons)

2 and 3 only

Bronsted lowry focuses on_____transfer and lewis focuses on ______ transfer. Arrhenius relies on ______

BL: proton transfer

Lewis: electron

Arrhenius: water (H+ and OH-)

Ex.

Coordinate Covalent Bond

Octahedral

Molecular structure and geometry

circle it

Find conjugation (double bond to single bond to double bond)

The longer C-O bond legnth decreases the force of attraction between the charges

or

The effect of resonance increases the amount of charge separated across the C = O bond

The effect of resonance increases the amount of charge separated across the C = O bond

Which ones (labelled) are dipole dipole interactions between two permanent dipole? Of the ones, which one is the strongest dipole-dipole permanent?

Whats oxidized and whats reduced with the numbers (what is oxidation number?)

Oxidation nymber accounts for any gain or loss of electrons by the atom relative to the number of valence electrons

Hydrogen atoms covalently bonded with N,O,F atoms form polar bonds that yields dipoles with partial charges which allows _______ bonding

hydrogen bonding (a special dipole-dipole interaction)

A. It has fewer available lone pairs of electrons per oxygem atom than H2O

B. it is a stronger lewis base

C. it forms coordinate bonds more readily than does H2O

D. it is negatively charged wheras H2O is uncharged

Answer:A

Trigonal planar or trigonal pyramidal?

Answer A

Sharing between two atoms with a small or moderate electronegativity difference

or

Sharing between two atoms with a large electronegativity difference

Sharing between two atoms with a small or moderate electronegativity difference

Note, Co isn’t an expanded octet so…

Answer D

Yes, in terms of net charge and atoms

Passage C

Answer: A

Answer: D