ACWC - Human Growth and Development

A child who is toilet training is in Freud’s:

a. Oral stage
b. An*l stage
c. Phallic stage
d. Latency stage

b

A fixation involving overeating, smoking, or biting nails would most likely be linked to the:

a. Oral stage
b. An*l stage
c. Phallic stage
d. Genital stage

a

A fixation involving extreme orderliness or messiness is most associated with the:

a. Oral stage
b. An*l stage
c. Latency stage
d. Genital stage

b

The Oedipus and Electra complexes occur during which stage?

a. Oral
b. An*l
c. Phallic
d. Latency

c

A 9-year-old child who is focused on school, friendships, and same-gender peer relationships is most likely in Freud’s:

a. An*l stage
b. Phallic stage
c. Latency stage
d. Genital stage

c

Freud believed the id operates according to the:

a. Reality principle
b. Pleasure principle
c. Morality principle
d. Social interest principle

b

A teenager wants to skip studying and go to a party, but decides to go for one hour and then come home to study. This compromise reflects the:

a. Id
b. Ego
c. Superego
d. Unconscious

b

A client accidentally calls their current partner by an ex’s name. Freud would call this:

a. Catharsis
b. Freudian slip
c. Fixation
d. Countertransference

b

A baby who learns that caregivers are reliable is successfully resolving:

a. Autonomy vs shame/doubt
b. Trust vs mistrust
c. Initiative vs guilt
d. Industry vs inferiority

b

A toddler who is learning to say “no,” choose clothes, and use the toilet is in which Erikson stage?

a. Trust vs mistrust
b. Autonomy vs shame/doubt
c. Initiative vs guilt
d. Industry vs inferiority

b

A preschooler who wants to direct play and take initiative is working through:

a. Trust vs mistrust
b. Autonomy vs shame/doubt
c. Initiative vs guilt
d. Industry vs inferiority

c

A 10-year-old who is developing confidence through school achievement and extracurricular activities is in:

a. Initiative vs guilt
b. Industry vs inferiority
c. Identity vs role confusion
d. Intimacy vs isolation

b

An adolescent asking “Who am I?” and exploring values, identity, and roles is in:

a. Industry vs inferiority
b. Identity vs role confusion
c. Intimacy vs isolation
d. Generativity vs stagnation

b

A 28-year-old working to form meaningful romantic and friendship bonds is in:

a. Identity vs role confusion
b. Intimacy vs isolation
c. Generativity vs stagnation
d. Integrity vs despair

b

A 50-year-old focused on mentoring others and contributing to the next generation is in:

a. Intimacy vs isolation
b. Generativity vs stagnation
c. Integrity vs despair
d. Industry vs inferiority

b

An older adult reflecting on life with regret and disappointment is struggling with:

a. Identity vs role confusion
b. Intimacy vs isolation
c. Generativity vs stagnation
d. Integrity vs despair

d

Which Erikson stage has the positive outcome of “hope”?

a. Trust vs mistrust
b. Autonomy vs shame/doubt
c. Initiative vs guilt
d. Industry vs inferiority

a

Which Erikson stage has the positive outcome of “fidelity”?

a. Industry vs inferiority
b. Identity vs role confusion
c. Intimacy vs isolation
d. Generativity vs stagnation

b

Mahler’s theory primarily focuses on:

a. Moral development
b. Separation-individuation and early attachment
c. Cognitive development
d. Career development

b

In Mahler’s theory, the earliest stage involving fusion with the mother is:

a. Symbiosis
b. Autism
c. Separation-individuation
d. Object constancy

b

Mahler’s symbiotic stage involves:

a. Abstract thinking
b. The mother and infant being experienced as a fused unit
c. Moral reasoning
d. Peer comparison

b

Object constancy refers to:

a. Understanding conservation
b. Developing a consistent internal sense of caregiver/self
c. Choosing universal moral principles
d. Resolving identity confusion

b

A child behaves to avoid punishment. This reflects Kohlberg’s:

a. Preconventional morality
b. Conventional morality
c. Postconventional morality
d. Formal operational morality

a

A person obeys the law because they believe laws maintain social order. This reflects:

a. Stage 1
b. Stage 2
c. Stage 4
d. Stage 6

c

A person makes a moral decision based on universal ethical principles, even if it conflicts with the law. This reflects:

a. Preconventional morality
b. Conventional morality
c. Postconventional morality
d. Sensorimotor reasoning

c

A child shares a toy because they want others to think they are “nice.” This best reflects:

a. Stage 1: punishment avoidance
b. Stage 2: self-interest
c. Stage 3: approval/good boy-good girl
d. Stage 5: social contract

c

Object permanence develops during Piaget’s:

a. Sensorimotor stage
b. Preoperational stage
c. Concrete operational stage
d. Formal operational stage

a

A child who uses symbols and language but struggles with egocentrism is in:

a. Sensorimotor
b. Preoperational
c. Concrete operational
d. Formal operational

b

A child understands conservation and cause-and-effect but struggles with abstract reasoning. This is:

a. Sensorimotor
b. Preoperational
c. Concrete operational
d. Formal operational

c

A teenager who can use abstract logic and deductive reasoning is in:

a. Preoperational
b. Concrete operational
c. Formal operational
d. Postconventional

c

A young child believes that everyone sees the world exactly as they do. Piaget would call this:

a. Object permanence
b. Egocentrism
c. Conservation
d. Deductive reasoning

b

A college freshman believes every question has one right answer. Perry would call this:

a. Dualism
b. Multiplicity
c. Relativism
d. Commitment

a

A college student says, “Everyone has an opinion, and all opinions are equally valid.” This reflects:

a. Dualism
b. Multiplicity
c. Relativism
d. Commitment

b

A student begins evaluating ideas based on evidence, context, and discipline-specific reasoning. This reflects:

a. Dualism
b. Multiplicity
c. Relativism
d. Sensorimotor reasoning

c

A student chooses a position after considering multiple perspectives and commits to it. This reflects:

a. Dualism
b. Multiplicity
c. Relativism
d. Commitment

d

According to Maslow, which need must be addressed first?

a. Esteem
b. Safety
c. Physiological needs
d. Self-actualization

c

A client lacks stable housing and food access. According to Maslow, the counselor should first consider:

a. Self-actualization
b. Esteem
c. Physiological needs
d. Social needs

c

Friendship, family, and connection belong to which Maslow level?

a. Safety
b. Social needs
c. Esteem
d. Self-actualization

b

Confidence, achievement, and self-esteem belong to:

a. Physiological needs
b. Safety needs
c. Esteem needs
d. Social needs

c

Living to one’s highest potential is:

a. Safety
b. Social belonging
c. Esteem
d. Self-actualization

d

A 2-year-old is learning independence through toilet training. Which theorists are most relevant?

a. Freud oral / Erikson trust vs mistrust
b. Freud anal / Erikson autonomy vs shame and doubt
c. Freud phallic / Erikson initiative vs guilt
d. Freud latency / Erikson industry vs inferiority

b

A 15-year-old is exploring identity, values, and future roles. This best fits:

a. Erikson’s identity vs role confusion
b. Piaget’s preoperational stage
c. Freud’s anal stage
d. Maslow’s safety needs

a

A child says stealing is wrong “because you’ll get punished.” This best fits:

a. Kohlberg preconventional
b. Kohlberg conventional
c. Kohlberg postconventional
d. Piaget formal operational

a

A child understands that the amount of water stays the same even when poured into a taller glass. This demonstrates:

a. Egocentrism
b. Conservation
c. Object permanence
d. Role confusion

b

Which theorist is most associated with hierarchy of needs?

a. Erikson
b. Maslow
c. Perry
d. Kohlberg

b

Mahler’s separation-individuation stage is most concerned with:

a. learning moral reasoning
b. differentiating from the caregiver while developing object constancy
c. developing abstract thinking
d. resolving identity confusion

b

A child who does the “right thing” only to avoid punishment is in Kohlberg’s:

a. preconventional level
b. conventional level
c. postconventional level
d. formal operational stage

a

A person follows a law because they believe social order depends on it. This reflects Kohlberg’s:

a. stage 1
b. stage 2
c. stage 4
d. stage 6

c

Carol Gilligan criticized Kohlberg because his theory:

a. focused too heavily on women
b. ignored cognitive development
c. was based largely on male moral development
d. rejected relationships and care

c

A child thinks a toy no longer exists when it is hidden under a blanket. The child has not yet developed:

a. conservation
b. object permanence
c. egocentrism
d. abstract reasoning

b

A child pretends a towel is a superhero cape. This reflects Piaget’s:

a. sensorimotor stage
b. preoperational stage
c. concrete operational stage
d. formal operational stage

b

A child understands that water remains the same amount even when poured into a different-shaped glass. This is:

a. conservation
b. egocentrism
c. object permanence
d. scaffolding

a

A teen can think hypothetically about climate change and future consequences. This reflects:

a. preoperational thought
b. concrete operational thought
c. formal operational thought
d. dualistic thought

c

Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development refers to:

a. what a learner can do alone
b. what a learner can do with support from someone more knowledgeable
c. the moral difference between right and wrong
d. a child’s internal working model

b

A teacher gives a student support while learning a new skill, then gradually removes that support. This is:

a. conservation
b. scaffolding
c. reciprocal determinism
d. vicarious reinforcement

b

A college freshman believes knowledge is right or wrong and authorities have the correct answers. Perry would call this:

a. dualism
b. multiplicity
c. relativism
d. commitment

a

A student says, “Everyone has their own opinion, and no one opinion is better than another.” Perry would call this:

a. dualism
b. multiplicity
c. relativism
d. commitment

b

A student evaluates arguments based on evidence, context, and discipline-specific reasoning. Perry would call this:

a. dualism
b. multiplicity
c. relativism
d. commitment

c

According to Maslow, a client without stable housing is primarily concerned with:

a. esteem
b. physiological/safety needs
c. self-actualization
d. social needs

b

According to Maslow, a person seeking purpose, meaning, and reaching their highest potential is pursuing:

a. esteem
b. love and belonging
c. self-actualization
d. safety

c

Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment demonstrated:

a. classical conditioning
b. observational learning
c. psychosexual development
d. moral reasoning

b

A child sees their sibling receive praise for cleaning their room, then cleans their own room. This is:

a. vicarious reinforcement
b. negative punishment
c. scaffolding
d. conservation

a

Bandura’s reciprocal determinism involves interaction among:

a. id, ego, and superego
b. behavior, personal factors, and environment
c. parent, adult, and child
d. physiological, safety, and esteem needs

b

Which is NOT one of Bandura’s four conditions for observational learning?

a. attention
b. retention
c. reproduction
d. object permanence

d

Bowlby believed attachment developed because it:

a. helps children avoid punishment
b. increases chances of survival
c. teaches abstract reasoning
d. resolves inferiority

b

A caregiver who allows a child to explore while providing safety is serving as a:

a. secure base
b. hidden object
c. scaffold
d. social contract

a

Bowlby’s cycle after separation from a caregiver is:

a. denial, anger, bargaining
b. protest, despair, detachment
c. forming, storming, norming
d. attention, retention, reproduction

b

A child cries when the caregiver leaves but is easily comforted when the caregiver returns. This is:

a. secure attachment
b. avoidant attachment
c. anxious/ambivalent attachment
d. disorganized attachment

a

A child shows little distress when the caregiver leaves and little interest when they return. This is:

a. secure attachment
b. avoidant attachment
c. anxious/ambivalent attachment
d. disorganized attachment

b

A child is highly distressed when the caregiver leaves but resists comfort when they return. This is:

a. secure attachment
b. avoidant attachment
c. anxious/ambivalent attachment
d. disorganized attachment

c

A child appears confused, fearful, or disoriented around the caregiver. This is:

a. secure attachment
b. avoidant attachment
c. anxious/ambivalent attachment
d. disorganized attachment

d

Harlow’s monkey study demonstrated the importance of:

a. moral reasoning
b. contact comfort
c. object permanence
d. formal operations

b

Daniel Levinson is best known for studying:

a. adult male development and life transitions
b. moral development in children
c. psychosexual stages
d. hierarchy of needs

a

Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory emphasizes:

a. internal drives only
b. multiple environmental systems influencing development
c. moral reasoning stages
d. biological maturation only

b

Havighurst believed development is best understood as:

a. fixed psychosexual stages only
b. lifelong developmental tasks shaped by maturation, culture, and goals
c. moral choices based only on justice
d. object permanence and conservation

b

Right hemisphere functioning is most associated with:

a. language and sequential processing
b. nonverbal, visual, and spatial tasks
c. moral reasoning
d. operant conditioning

b

Left hemisphere functioning is most associated with:

a. visual-spatial processing
b. language and sequential processing
c. emotional attachment
d. contact comfort

b

Excess dopamine is associated with:

a. schizophrenia
b. Parkinson’s disease
c. object permanence
d. depression only

a

Dopamine deficiency is associated with:

a. schizophrenia
b. Parkinson’s disease
c. secure attachment
d. egocentrism

b

Adolescent egocentrism refers to the belief that:

a. others are constantly focused on them and their experiences are unique
b. all moral rules are universal
c. attachment figures are unreliable
d. they can only understand concrete ideas

a

The “sandwich generation” refers to middle-aged adults who:

a. are between two career stages
b. care for both children and aging parents
c. experience adolescent egocentrism
d. are transitioning into retirement

b

Older adults often show:

a. improved hearing and vision
b. some sensory and cognitive decline
c. no physical changes
d. complete loss of verbal ability

b

A child knows their mother still exists even when she leaves the room. Which two theories could this most relate to?

a. Piaget object permanence and Bowlby attachment
b. Freud latency and Kohlberg stage 6
c. Maslow esteem and Perry relativism
d. Erikson generativity and Bandura modeling

a

A preschooler cannot understand that another person may see a situation differently. Piaget would call this:

a. egocentrism
b. scaffolding
c. self-efficacy
d. conservation

a

A learner can complete a math problem only when the teacher gives hints. Vygotsky would say the task is within the learner’s:

a. unconscious
b. zone of proximal development
c. secure base
d. social contract stage

b

A client says, “I know I can give this presentation because I practiced successfully last week.” This reflects Bandura’s:

a. performance outcome
b. physiological feedback
c. verbal persuasion
d. punishment orientation

a

A client says, “My mentor believes I can do this, so I’m starting to believe it too.” This reflects Bandura’s:

a. verbal persuasion
b. object permanence
c. egocentrism
d. contact comfort

a

A child obeys a rule because they want their teacher to think they are good. This is Kohlberg’s:

a. stage 1
b. stage 2
c. stage 3
d. stage 6

c

A person breaks a law because they believe a higher universal ethical principle requires it. This is Kohlberg’s:

a. preconventional morality
b. conventional morality
c. postconventional morality
d. preoperational reasoning

c

A parent is warm and supportive but also has clear rules and expectations. This is:

a. authoritarian
b. authoritative
c. permissive
d. neglectful

b

Which parenting style is generally considered most effective?

a. authoritarian
b. authoritative
c. permissive
d. neglectful

b

A parent has strict rules, expects obedience, and shows little warmth. This is:

a. authoritative
b. authoritarian
c. permissive
d. neglectful

b

A parent is warm but has few rules and mostly wants to be the child’s friend. This is:

a. permissive
b. authoritarian
c. authoritative
d. neglectful

a

Low responsiveness and low demandingness describes:

a. authoritative
b. authoritarian
c. permissive
d. neglectful

d

Kubler-Ross’s stages are remembered by:

a. DABDA
b. ABCDE
c. BASIC ID
d. WDEP

a

The correct order of Kubler-Ross’s stages is:

a. anger, denial, bargaining, depression, acceptance
b. denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
c. denial, bargaining, anger, acceptance, depression
d. depression, denial, anger, bargaining, acceptance

b

A client says, “This cannot be happening.” This reflects:

a. denial
b. bargaining
c. depression
d. acceptance

a

A client says, “If I recover, I promise I’ll change everything about my life.” This reflects:

a. anger
b. bargaining
c. depression
d. acceptance

b

Which is one of the leading physical causes of death in adults?

a. homicide
b. alcohol-related incidents
c. heart disease
d. suicide

c

Which is listed as a leading cause of death in youth?

a. stroke
b. cancer
c. homicide
d. heart disease

c