PT 405 Exam 2 Study Guide

What is the difference between HDL and LDL?

LDL - moves cholesterol liver to cells (75% fat, 25% protein)

HDL - moves cholesterol cells to liver (55% fat, 45% protein)

What are the 3 enzymes that digest carbohydrates?

- salivary amylase
- pancreatic amylase
- brush border enzymes (maltase, sucrase, and lactase)

What where most nutrient digestion and absorption occur?

small intestine

What is the order of the small intestines to the rectum?

duodenum -> jejunum -> ileum -> ileocecal valve -> ascending colon -> transverse colon -> descending colon -> sigmoid colon -> rectum -> anus

What is the digestive function of the liver and what would happen if it were to no longer function?

- produces bile
- fat malasbsorption

What prevents food from going into the nasopharynx?

soft palate and uvula

What prevents food from going into the trachea?

epiglottis

What does pepsin do?

breaks down proteins into oligosaccharides in the stomach

What are the 4 steps in the digestive system?

- ingestion - food intake
- digestion - breaking down into nutrients
- absorption - absorbing nutrients
- elimination - removing wastes

What does the hydrogen-potassium ATPase pump do in the stomach?

secretes HCl to lower pH to break down proteins and activate/deactivate certain enzymes

- if this doesn't function then the stomach would erode

What causes someone to take deep breathes?

high CO2 levels

What happens during to the oxy-hemoglobin dissociation curve when temperatures and CO2 levels increase?

curve moves to the right

How is oxygen carried on a molecule of hemoglobin?

1 oxygen molecule on the 4 heme groups (4 total oxygen)

What happens to the alveolar and atmospheric pressure during inspiration?

alveolar < atmospheric

What happens to the alveolar and atmospheric pressure during expiration?

alveolar > atmospheric

Which pharynx receives auditory tubes and contains pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)?
- pseudostratified

nasopharynx

Which pharynx contains the palatine and lingual tonsils?
- stratified squamous

oropharynx

Which pharynx runs from the hyoid bone to the cricoid cartilage?
- stratified squamous

laryngopharynx

What does Charle's law state?

volume and temperature are directly proportional

What is the difference between lung volume and capacity?

capacity encompasses the volumes

What is tidal volume?

volume of air moved in one quiet breathe (500 mL)

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

air inspired during maximal effort (3000 mL)

What is expiratory volume?

air expired during maximal effort (1000 mL)

What is residual volume?

air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration (1200 mL)

What is vital capacity?

amount of air that is inhaled and exhaled at maximum effort (4400 mL)

What is inspiratory capacity?

maximal amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration (3500 mL)

What is functional residual capacity?

amount of air in lungs after a normal tidal expiration (2200 mL)

What is total lung capacity?

maximum amount of air contained in lungs (5800 mL)

What cells produce surfactant

type II pneumocytes

What 2 things does surfactant in the lungs do?

- lubricates
- decrease surface tension of alveolar fluid

Describe hypernatremia and hyponatremi

hyper - from dehydration and leads to cell shrinkage

hypo - due to excess water loss

Describe hyperkalemia and hypokalemia

hyper - causes cells to lyse and leads to partially depolarized cells - lower excitability

hypo - causes cells to hyperpolarize, increasing excitability

Describe hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia

hyper - hyperTPTH causes excess bone resorption -> reduces sodium permeability of plasma membranes, inhibiting depolarization

hypo - vitamin D deficiency and hypoPTH -> increases sodium permeability, making cells overly excitable

Describe hypermagnesemia nad hypomagnesemia

hyper - rare, may be seen in renal disease

hypo - caused by intestinal malabsorption -> hyperirritability of cells

Describe hyperchloremia and hypochloremia

hyper - caused by excess dietary intake or IV saline

hypo - leads to hyponatremia and acidosis

What happens during a hemorrhage?

volume depletion -> osmolarity remains the same
- lower BP

What 3 ways is water gained?

- metabolic water
- food
- drinking

What 3 ways is water lost?

- insensible water loss (not measured)
- sensible water loss (measured)
- obligatory - unavoidable

What is the pathology of the RAAS system?
- 4 steps

- drop in blood pressure converts prorenin to renin
- renin combines with angiotensinogen (from liver) to form angiotensin I
- angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by ACE in the lungs or kidneys
- angiotensin II binds to receptors on tissues

What are the 6 effects of the RAAS system?

- systemic vasoconstriction
- water/sodium retention in PCT
- stimulates release of aldosterone (water/sodium retention)
- tells hypothalamus to increase thirst/water intake
- stimulates release of ADH (water retention)
- reduces baroreceptor response to increase BP

What happens if someone is dehydrated?

- water is lost
- osmolarity increases
- drop in blood pressure

What happens if there is more potassium in the ECF?

hyperexcitability of cells - increased likelihood of being excited

What is the normal pH of blood?

7.35-7.45

How does the bicarbonate buffer system work?

acidosis - bicarb binds to H+

alkalosis - hydrogen binds to CO2 molecules

How does the phosphate buffering system work?

acidosis - hydrogen phosphate (HPO4^2-) binds to H+

alkalosis - dihydrogen phopshate (H2PO4-) releases H+

How does the protein buffering system work?

acidosis - amino side groups bind to H+

alkalosis - carboxyl side groups release H+

What are the 2 cations in ICF?

- potassium (most)
- magnesium

What is the most abundant anion in the ICF?

phosphate

What is the most abundant cation in the ECF?

sodium

What is the most abundant anion in the ECF?

chloride

What are the functions of acids and bases?

acid - releases H+

base - binds to H+