APUSH Period 6 Review

Fort Laramie Treaty (1851)

Agreement between U.S. government and Plains tribes, eventually violated by settlers.

Hispanic West

Region where Hispanic elites lost political and economic power post-Mexican-American War.

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

First U.S. law to exclude a specific ethnic group from immigrating.

Pacific Railroad Act (1862)

Authorized the construction of the first transcontinental railroad.

Transcontinental Railroads

Unified national markets, established time zones, and catalyzed westward settlement.

Homestead Act (1862)

Provided 160 acres of public land to settlers, spurring western farming.

Chisholm Trail

A key cattle-driving route from Texas to Kansas railheads.

Battle of Little Bighorn (1876)

"Custer's Last Stand," a temporary victory for the Sioux and Cheyenne.

Dawes Act (1887)

Divided tribal lands into individual plots to assimilate Native Americans, undermining tribal culture.

A Century of Dishonor (1881)

Helen Hunt Jackson's book exposing injustices faced by Native Americans.

Second Industrial Revolution

Post-Civil War surge in industrial output driven by natural resources, cheap labor, and innovation.

Vertical Integration

Business model where a company controls all production stages (e.g., Andrew Carnegie).

Horizontal Integration

Business model where a company gains control of all competitors (e.g., John D. Rockefeller).

Social Darwinism

Theory that wealth and success are the result of survival of the fittest in a free market.

Gospel of Wealth

Andrew Carnegie's idea that the wealthy have a responsibility to use their riches for public good.

Knights of Labor

Inclusive labor union advocating for a cooperative society, lost support after Haymarket Riot.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Focused on skilled labor and tangible goals like higher wages and shorter hours.

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Radical labor union advocating socialism and class conflict.

Haymarket Riot (1886)

Violent labor protest that led to the decline of the Knights of Labor.

Great Railroad Strike (1877)

First major interstate strike, highlighting labor unrest.

Homestead Strike (1892)

Violent steelworker strike crushed by the National Guard.

Pullman Strike (1894)

Nationwide railroad strike led by Eugene Debs, ended with federal intervention.

Jacob Riis' How the Other Half Lives (1890)

Exposed urban poverty and tenement conditions.

Settlement Houses

Community centers like Hull House, founded by Jane Addams, providing services for immigrants.

Political Machines

Urban organizations providing services in exchange for votes (e.g., Boss Tweed and the Tweed Ring).

Nativism

Anti-immigrant sentiment leading to the American Protective Association and calls for literacy tests.

New Immigrants

Southern and Eastern European immigrants arriving after 1880.

Social Gospel

Religious movement advocating for churches to address social issues and help the poor (e.g., Walter Rauschenbusch).

Ashcan Artists

Artists portraying gritty urban life (e.g., George Bellows' Cliff Dwellers).

Realism

Artistic and literary movement rejecting Romanticism, focusing on urban and social realities.

Horatio Alger

Author of stories promoting the "self-made man" through hard work and determination.

Gilded Age

Era of economic growth and political corruption (term coined by Mark Twain).

Bimetallism

Economic policy favoring the use of both gold and silver to back currency (supported by Populists).

Tammany Hall

Political machine in New York City led by Boss Tweed.