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Insect flight mechanisms

Direct (muscle moves wings), Indirect (muscle compresses thorax), gliding

Exopodite

Muscular, developed into gills/wing

Endopodite

Leg

Ommatidia

Subunit of compound eye

Rhabdome

light sensing cells under crystal cones with microvilli full of pigment

Aposition

Eye type with 1 eye per rhabdome without gaps, high resolution

Superposition

Eye type with multiple eyes per rhabdome, better in low light

Mantish shrimp eye features

Belt with rows of 15 different receptors, sterescopic vision in each eye, polarised light and UV

Parabolic superposition

Eyes using refraction (gradient in crystal cones) or reflection (square mirrors of uric acid, crayfish)

Strepsiptera eye

each is a separate eye with retina, not true compound

Oceli

Detect polarised light, UV, etc

Coelconicum

finger pinch cup olfactory organ, exposed dendrites inside

Aesthetasc

Chemoreceptors with permeable cuticle no pores

Spiders sense humidity using

ion concentration in flud filled sensor

Stick insects sense humidity using

dryness deforms cuticle, sensed by mechanosensor

Why sputter coat for EM

Organics produce few secondary electrons

How sputter coater sheds metal

Ionised argon bumps into metal cathode

Glycocalyx

Layer of secretes on cuticle surface in almost all animals (cuticle = reinforced version)

Skeleton types

Ridgid/protein reinforced extracellular matrix, fluid filled cavities, etc

Epicuticular waxes

secreted, form flake artifacts in cryo SEM

Size to tell apart acantae / microtrichia / setae

cell length 10-20µm, so if smaller, microtrichia or acantae

Structure size to interact w light

under 1µm

Cuticle plates

sclerites

Condyle

Points of rotation. Simple hinge has 2 = bicondyle

Adhesion subunits in diptera are

Acantae

Adhesion subunits in beetles are

Seta

Circulatory system in crustacea

a bit more closed with veins going through gills

Uses for bloodpressure

Spider jump, silk, ant adhesion bad inflation, skeleton, etc

Excretion methods

coxal glands (spider), antennae glands w laborynth etc (crustacea), nephridia, cuticle accumulation, etc

Brochosomes

leafhopper dryness balls

Tagmosis

= Segmentation

Allatum

Brain part secreting juvinile hormone

Protothoractic gland

Brain part that secretes ecdyzone

Spider nervous system

CNS and brain all fused, short distances, smart

Dendrites are derived from

Cillia, therefore have “cilliary receptors”

Cecum

“liver” that detoxes in arthropods

Complex gyne spider

Enetelegyne

Simple gyne spider

Haplogyne

Entelegyne spider covering

Epigyne

Spermatophylax

food blob as alt so female doesn’t eat spermatophore

Decapod sperm have no

flagella, need to be directly applied to eggs

Gonopod

Sperm transfer legs for male Crustacea, specialised and direct bc no flagella on sperm. External or internal fert.

Cuticle functions

Limit size, attach muscles, protection, communication w colours etc, transport, eliminate waste

Crustacean foregut

Mandible, cardiac stomch, pyloric stomach

Pyloric stomach

Food filter n digester in crust. (behind cardiac)

Cardiac stomach

Food grinder in crust. (front)

Statocyst

Gravity sensor with little sand inside in crustacea

Skolopedium

Internal mechanoreceptors that help sense vibrations (in many) and flight movements (in mosquito)