Human Biology chapter 13-14

These flashcards review key concepts from human biology related to the immune system, its functions, and factors affecting lung health.

What are the three lines of defense against pathogens in the human body?

1. Physical and chemical barriers 2. Cellular and chemical defenses 3. Adaptive immune response

What is the difference between passive and adaptive immunity?

Passive immunity is temporary and comes from external antibodies, while adaptive immunity is long-lasting and develops a memory against pathogens.

What types of pathogens does the immune system primarily target?

Bacteria, viruses, prions, protozoans, fungi, parasitic worms, and cancer cells.

What role do macrophages play in the immune system?

Macrophages engulf pathogens and signal T cells for an immune response.

How do NK cells differ from T cells in fighting infections?

NK cells detect any altered cell, while T cells detect specific antigens.

What is the function of antibodies in the immune response?

They target and neutralize free-floating pathogens.

What happens during inflammation in the body?

Blood vessels widen, increasing blood flow to carry defensive cells, causing redness and heat.

How do white blood cells assist in fighting cancer?

They can target and kill abnormal cells, such as cancer cells, through natural killer (NK) cell mechanisms.

What are autoimmune disorders?

Conditions where the immune system fails to distinguish self from non-self, leading to attacks on the body's own tissues.

What is the effect of smoking on lung health?

It damages cilia, reduces mucus movement, causes alveoli destruction, and increases cancer risk.