practical 3 diversity of organisms

Phylum Poriphera (granita)

Body symmetry

Radial

Phylum Poriphera (granita)

Muscular

Amoeba cells, sessile, collar cells to circulate water, free swimming larvae

Phylum Poriphera (granita)

Protective

Spicules, amoeba cells, immune system

Phylum Poriphera (granita)

Circulatory

Collar cells, pores, osculum

Phylum Poriphera (granita)

Respiratory

Simple diffusion from water column

Phylum Poriphera (granita)

Nervous

Specialized sensory cells

Phylum Poriphera (granita)

Reproduction

Asexual: budding and fragmentation

Sexual: hermaphroditism, producing eggs and sperm, free swimming larva

Phylum Poriphera (granita)

Digestive

Collar cells, pores, osculum, digestive cavity,

Phylum Nematoda (Ascaris Roundworm)

Body symmetry

Bilateral

Phylum Nematoda (Ascaris Roundworm)

Muscular

Hydrostatic (skeleton) to move

Phylum Nematoda (Ascaris Roundworm)

Protective

Thin epidermis, white blood cell

Phylum Nematoda (Ascaris Roundworm)

Circulatory

Simple diffusion through skin and digestive tube

Phylum Nematoda (Ascaris Roundworm)

Respiratory

Cutaneous respiration

Phylum Nematoda (Ascaris Roundworm)

Nervous / sensory

Nerve net like (neurons)

Phylum Nematoda (Ascaris Roundworm)

Reproduction

Male:seminal vesicles and deferents

female: oviducts and uterus

Phylum Nematoda (Ascaris Roundworm)

Digestive

Pseudocoelom encasing an intestinal tube

Phylum Annelida (Earthworm)

Symmetry

Bilateral

Phylum Annelida (Earthworm)

Muscular

Circular muscular segments for contractions, mucus

Phylum Annelida (Earthworm)

Protective

Epidermis with mucus

Phylum Annelida (Earthworm)

Circulatory

Dorsal and ventral blood vessels, aortic arches

Phylum Annelida (Earthworm)

Respiratory

(cutaneous) mucus secreted facilitates gas exchange across the epidermis

Phylum Annelida (Earthworm)

Nervous / sensory

Ganglion (primitive brain); ventral nerve tube

Phylum Annelida (Earthworm)

Reproduction

Hemaphrodisiac seminal vesicles and seminal receptacles

Phylum Annelida (Earthworm)

Digestive

$$Mouth, pharynx, crop, gizzard, intestine, anus;coelom$$

Phylum Chordata

Symmetry

Bilateral

Phylum Chordata

Muscular

Biceps, brachii, Pectoralis major/minor, segmentation in thoracic muscles and lever system formed by muscles, tendons, bone crossing joints

Phylum Chordata

Protective

Thick epidermis, adipose, hair, internal skeleton; lymphatic system = WBCs, thymus; lymph nodes

Phylum Chordata

Circulatory

Heart; (four chambers)aorta, vena cava; arteries and veins; closed.

Phylum Chordata

Respiratory

Lungs; trachea; diaphragm (smooth muscle involuntary control)

Phylum Chordata

Nervous / sensory

Brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, midbrain, brain stem) nerves and plexuses(bundles of axon); eye; ears; sensory nerve endings; motor ending

Phylum Chordata

Reproductive

ovaries and fimbriae/uterine tube;

testes, penis, sperm

Phylum Chordata

Digestive

esophagus, stomach(cardiac sphincter), small intestine, large intestine, colon, rectum, anus, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, salivary glands, teeth, tongue, pharynx/larynx

Phylum Arthropoda

Symmetry

Bilateral

Phylum Arthropoda

Muscular

Muscles attached to exoskeleton; jointed limbs

Phylum Arthropoda

Protective

Exoskeleton of chitin,

Subphylum crustacean: claws

Phylum Arthropoda

Circulatory

Open circulation, hemolymph

Phylum Arthropoda

Respiratory

Crustacean: gills, air pores along abdomen

Phylum Arthropoda

Nervous / sensory

ganglia with neurons, antennae, eyes

Phylum Arthropoda

Reproduction

Sperm and eggs. Internal and external fertilization

Phylum Arthropoda

Digestive

Digestive tube, mandibles, and maxillae

Phylum Mollusca

Symmetry

Bilateral

Phylum Mollusca

Muscular

muscular foot (additional muscles bivalve; cephalopods - tentacles)

Phylum Mollusca

Protective

Shells (1 shell gastropods, 2 shell bivalve, no shell cephalopod: tentacles)

Phylum Mollusca

Circulatory

open circulation; "hot tub" style circulation

Phylum Mollusca

Respiratory

gills or cutaneous respiration

Phylum Mollusca

Nervous / sensory

ganglia with neurons; Cephalopoda = advanced brain

Phylum Mollusca

Reproductive

external fertilization sperm and eggs

Phylum Mollusca

Digestive

digestive tube; visceral mass

Which phylum is this?

Cnideria

Which phylum is this?

Porifera

Which phylum is this?

nematoda

Which phylum is this?

Annelida

Which phylum is this?

Chordata

Which phylum is this?

Mollusca

Which phylum is this?

Arthropods

Which phylum is this?

Echinodermata

Parts of the eyes

Lens, retina, choroid coat, sclera

Heart

1.Blood returns from the body to the right atrium

2.Blood enters the right ventricle through the right atrioventricular (AV) valve

3.Blood is pumped through the pulmonary valve, into the pulmonary artery, and to the lungs

4.Blood returns from the lungs, via the pulmonary veins, to the left atrium

5.Blood enters the left ventricle through the left AV valve

6.Blood is pumped through the aortic valve, into the aorta, and to the body

Right and left ventricles, ventricular septum, mitral (bicuspid) and tricuspid valve, chordae tendinae

Chondrichthyes

(sharks, skates, rays) cartilaginous skeleton, leather like scales; ventral mouth; no operculum must swim to oxygenate;can give birth to live young or eggs; internal fertilization. All Chordates/vertebrates have: closed circulatory system; complex CNS with PNS; water balance - Kidneys and bladder; muscular system connected to bony skeleton; lungs and a diaphragm, male vs female reproductive organs

Osteichthyes

(perch, salmon, tuna, goldfish) bony skeleton, bony scales; mouth located anteriorly; swim bladder; operculum moves water past gills; 2 chambered heart; external fertilization -> males fertilize eggs laid by females. All Chordates/vertebrates have: closed circulatory system; complex CNS with PNS; water balance - Kidneys and bladder; muscular system connected to bony skeleton; lungs and a diaphragm, male vs female reproductive organs 

Reptile

scales; four limbs; “cold blooded” external warming and cooling; 2-3 chambered heart; lay eggs

Aves: two limbs modified as wings; hollow bony skeletons; feathers derived from scales (keratin with modified proteins); modified respiratory system to keep constant oxygenation with an additional lung; eggs show the need for external heating -> feathers insulated so birds can maintain a more constant internal environment.

All Chordates/vertebrates have: closed circulatory system; complex CNS with PNS; water balance - Kidneys and bladder; muscular system connected to bony skeleton; lungs and a diaphragm, male vs female reproductive organs - hermaphroditic sometimes expressed (error in embryonic development)

Mammalia

“warm blooded” internal temperature regulation;  give birth to live young; hair (blubber for aquatic mammals); milk to feed young; four chambered heart

All Chordates/vertebrates have: closed circulatory system; complex CNS with PNS; water balance - Kidneys and bladder; muscular system connected to bony skeleton; lungs and a diaphragm, male vs female reproductive organs - hermaphroditic sometimes expressed (error in embryonic development) 

Vertebrate

Notochord - nucleus pulposa of intervertebral discs (supports and protects vertebral column and spinal cord)

Bilateral symmetry -> present

Dorsal nerve tube -> spinal cord (surrounded by cartilaginous based, sometimes bony vertebral column)

Pharyngeal gill slits (mouth) -> aquatic organism keep gills; terrestrial organisms develop a pharynx(gills not needed) 

Post anal tail -> (some primates have reduced tails coccyx)

Chordate

Notochord (ectoderm) 

Bilateral symmetry 

Dorsal nerve tube (ectoderm)

Pharyngeal gill slits (mouth)

Post anal tail

Segmented muscles (mesoderm)

Cephalopoda

 muscular foot= tentacles and arms with suction cups for adhering to surfaces and using tools; mantle -> protective plate for brain; visceral mass consists of heart, digestive tube, reproductive organs adjacent to brain region

Polyplacophora

muscular foot allows organisms to crawl along sediment/benthos; mantle -> one jointed shell; visceral mass consists of heart, digestive tube, reproductive organs under single shell.

Bivalve

muscular foot adapts to dig into sediment; lateral muscles to open and close shell; visceral mass includes heart, digestive tube, reproductive organs, and gills contained in two hinged shells; mantle makes 2 shells

Gastropoda

 - muscular foot allows organisms to crawl along sediment/benthos; mantle produces one spiral shaped shell; visceral mass consists of heart, digestive tube, reproductive organs under single shell.

Mollusca

• Muscular foot 

• Visceral mass 

• Mantle (can produce a shell or other protective covering)

Kidney

nephron releases water urea and salts (water follows salts) high BP salts are pumped into uriniferous tubules (nephron) water follows and leaves with urine; low BP salts are pumped into the capillaries and water follows keeping it in the venous return (blood flow), less urine produced; aldosterone (NA+ regulation at chemoreceptors in macula densa and juxtaglomerular apparatus) conserves NA+  water conserved to return BP and reduce urine output and ADH acts on collecting tubules signaling release of water back to capillaries also restoring BP and reducing urine output Caffeine and diuretics block this signaling so water and salts leave through uriniferous tubules and urine output increases (BP drops)