3.1 Vocab

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70 Terms

1

Developmental psychology

A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, & social-emotional development through the lifespan.

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2

Cross-sectional study

Research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time.

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3

Longitudinal study

Research that follows & retests the same people over time.

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4

Teratogens

Agents, such as chemicals & viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development & cause harm.

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5

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking.

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6

Habituation

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation; as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a stimulus, their interest wanes & they look away sooner.

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7

Maturation

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.

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8

Critical period

An optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development.

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9

Adolescence

The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.

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10

Puberty

The period of sexual maturation, during which a person usually becomes capable of reproducing.

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11

Primary sex characteristics

The body structures (ovaries, testes, & external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.

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12

Secondary sex characteristics

Nonreproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts & hips, male voice quality, & body hair.

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13

Spermarche

The first ejaculation.

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14

Menarche

The first menstrual period.

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15

Menopause

The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.

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16

Sex

In psychology, the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male, female, & intersex.

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17

Gender

In psychology, the attitudes, feelings, & behaviors that a given culture associates with a person's biological sex.

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18

Aggression

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally.

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19

Relational aggression

An act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person's relationship or social standing.

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20

Role

A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

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21

Gender role

A set of expected behaviors, attitudes, & traits for men & for women.

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22

Gender identity

Our personal sense of being male, female, neither, or some combination of male & female, regardless of whether this identity matches our sex assigned at birth, & the social affiliation that may result from this identity.

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23

Social learning theory

The theory that we learn social behavior by observing & imitating & by being rewarded or punished.

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24

Gender typing

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

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25

Sexuality

Our thoughts, feelings, & actions related to our physical attraction to another.

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26

Social script

A culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.

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27

Sexual orientation

According to the APA (2015), 'a person's sexual & emotional attraction to another person & the behavior and/or social affiliation that may result from this attraction.'

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28

Cognition

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, & communicating.

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29

Schema

A concept or framework that organizes & interprets information.

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30

Assimilation

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas.

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31

Accommodation

Adapting our current schemas (understandings) to incorporate new information.

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32

Sensorimotor stage

In Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) at which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions & motor activities.

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33

Object permanence

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.

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34

Preoperational stage

In Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) at which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.

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35

Conservation

The principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, & number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

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36

Egocentrism

In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view.

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37

Concrete operational stage

In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) at which children can perform the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete (actual, physical) events.

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38

Formal operational stage

In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) at which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

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39

Scaffold

In Vygotsky's theory, a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking.

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40

Theory of mind

People's ideas about their own & others' mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, & thoughts, & the behaviors these might predict.

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41

Language

Our agreed-upon systems of spoken, written, or signed words, & the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

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42

Phoneme

In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.

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43

Morpheme

In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).

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44

Grammar

In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with & understand others; semantics is the language's set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds, & syntax is its set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences.

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45

Universal grammar (UG)

Humans' innate predisposition to understand the principles & rules that govern grammar in all languages.

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46

Overgeneralization

The application of a regular grammatical rule in an irregular situation; usually occurs during language acquisition; shows that the person, either a child or an older person learning a second language, is learning that there are specific rules to language.

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47

Babbling stage

The stage in speech development, beginning around 4 months, during which an infant spontaneously utters various sounds that are not all related to the household language.

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48

One-word stage

The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.

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49

Two-word stage

The stage in speech development, beginning about age 2, during which a child speaks mostly in two-word sentences.

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50

Telegraphic speech

The early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram - 'go car' - using mostly nouns & verbs.

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51

Aphasia

Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).

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52

Broca's area

A frontal lobe brain area, usually in the left hemisphere, that helps control language expression by directing the muscle movements involved in speech.

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53

Wernicke's area

A brain area, usually in the left temporal lobe, involved in language comprehension & expression.

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54

Ecological systems theory

A theory of social environment's influence on human development, using five nested systems (microsystem; mesosystem; exosystem; macrosystem; chronosystem) ranging from direct to indirect influences.

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55

Stranger anxiety

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.

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56

Attachment

An emotional tie with others; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to caregivers & showing distress on separation.

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57

Imprinting

The process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life.

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58

Strange situation

A procedure for studying child-caregiver attachment; a child is placed in an unfamiliar environment while their caregiver leaves & then returns, & the child's reactions are observed.

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59

Secure attachment

Demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver, show only temporary distress when the caregiver leaves, & find comfort in the caregiver's return.

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60

Insecure attachment

Demonstrated by infants who display a clinging, anxious attachment; an avoidant attachment that resists closeness; or a disorganized attachment with no consistent behavior when separated from or reunited with caregivers.

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61

Temperament

A person's characteristic emotional reactivity & intensity.

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62

Basic trust

According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable & trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.

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63

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)

Potentially traumatic events that occur in childhood, including experiencing violence, abuse, or neglect.

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64

Self-concept

All our thoughts & feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question 'Who am I?'.

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65

Identity

Our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing & integrating various roles.

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66

Social identity

The 'we' aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to 'Who am I?' that comes from our group membership.

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67

Intimacy

In Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in young adulthood.

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68

Emerging adulthood

A period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many persons in prosperous Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults.

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69

Social clock

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, & retirement.

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70

zone of proximal development

Space between what a learner can do without assistance & what they cannot do at all; part of Vygotsky's social-cultural theory of childhood cognition

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