neuronal oscillations

[blank] preservation of brain rhythms despite various sizes

Evolutionary

information processing utilizing oscillation is highly [blank] and energy efficient

effective

intracellular recordings, extracellular recordings, and [blanks] are ways to study neuronal oscillations

electroencephalograms (EEGs)

a low pass filter will give the local field potential which gives a [blank] of local synaptic activity

summation

a high pass filter will locate [blanks] which is firing of individual neurons

spikes

Slow oscillations are <1 Hz, Delta are between 1-4 Hz, and [blank] are between 4-8 Hz

theta

spindle oscillations are between 7-14 Hz, beta between 13-30 Hz, and [blank] are from 30-80 Hz. ultra fast or ripples are between 100 and 300 hz

gamma

in the stages of sleep for humans it goes beta, alpha, theta, spindle, delta, and then [blank/blank] during REM

beta/theta

[blank] mice have gamma waves (30-80 Hz), slow wave sleep has delta waves (1-4 hz), and REM sleep at 6-10 hz

awake

we think that theta (4-8hz) is involved with [blanking] and navigation while gamma (30-80) are involved with perception and cognition

learning

ripple or ultra fast waves between 100-250hz are believed to be involved with [blank] formation and retrieval

memory

[blank] place cells fire phase-locked to theta cycle while free viewing induces gamma oscillation in visual cortex

hippocampal

the three major oscillatory responses are frequency, amplitude, and [blank]

phase

[blank] is used to identify major frequency components while spectrograms give frequency spectrums over time

Power Spectral Density (PSD)

[blank/blank] is a common type of cross frequency coupling, sometimes includes ripple waves for triple coupling in RSC studies

theta/gamma or 7hz-70hz

Coherence is a measure of how stable the relationship

remains over time and [blank] is coherence in phase

synchrony

[blank] causality involves 2 rules: the cause (X) happens prior to its effect (Y) and the cause has unique information about the future values of its effect.

Granger

as shown by granger causality, CA1 → RSC is [blank] sleep while RSC → CA1 is REM

slow wave sleep (SWS)

Single brain region neuronal oscillation studies include: Power spectral density (PSD) or summing of frequency components, Spectrogram which give spectrum of frequencies over time, and finally Cross-frequency / [blank] coupling

phase-locking

[blank] brain region studies may involve coherence/synchrony or investigating causal relationships via Granger causality

between

Main intrinsic membrane properties underlying the generation of neuronal oscillations are [blank] bursting and post-inhibitory rebound

endogenous

endogenous bursting involves a pacemaker/follower relationship while post-inhibitory rebound involves [blank] inhibition

reciprical

the [blank] channel is a hyperpolarization- activated channel and may be involved as a pacemaker

I_h

the thalamus and [blank] may be pacemakers in the brain but it is highly debatable due to interactions between intrinsic and extrinsic factors

medial septum

the hippocampus has over 20 IN types but [blank] stimulation drives theta waves

VGlut2+

Gamma oscillations may involve network coupling between pyramidal cells and GABAergic [blank] interneurons, which play a key role

parvalbumin (PV+)

electrical synapses allow for rapid synchronization and gap junctions act as [blank blank] filters

low pass

Block of interneuronal gap junctions reduces gamma synchrony, meaning gap junctions [blank] oscillations

enhance

neuronal [blanks] may be involved with information processing/binding/transfer along with working memory/attention and memory formation/retrieval

oscillations

[blank] precision in spike timing is important for neural information exchange, and neural oscillations provide a temporal framework for this process

Temporal

neuronal oscillations allow for coupling of systems for information binding / transfer such as between the hippocampus and [blank]

RSC (retrosplenial cortex)

Theta oscillatory stimulation of [blank] which inputs to vHPC increases avoidance behavior

mPFC

the thalamo-cortical beta oscillation is involved with [blanking] memory

working

[blank] sleep includes delta, sleep spindle, and sharp-wave ripples while REM sleep includes theta and pontine waves

nREM

Hippocampal ripple during slow wave sleep is associated with memory [blank] and organizes ‘memory epochs’ in a sequential order

consolidation

Hippocampal ripple - [blank blank] coupling mediates memory consolidation

cortical spindle

[blank] cross-frequency coupling binds multiple items in an ordered way

Theta-gamma

Slower oscillations, such as delta (1-4Hz) and theta (6-12Hz), facilitate information binding and [blank] among brain regions

transfer

Faster oscillations, such as gamma (30-80Hz) and ripple (100-300Hz), often are short-lived and coordinate neural activity [blank] a brain region

within

[blank] results from hyper- neural synchrony

Epilepsy

Abnormal subthalamic oscillation (10-15Hz) is found in [blank] patients

Parkinson’s disease (PD)

Reduced gamma has been observed in multiple brain regions in [blank] patients/ animal models, may be associated with amyloid beta plaques

alzheimer’s

schizophrenia patients exhibit hypofunction in GABAergic system in prefrontal cortex and have impaired [blank] oscillations

beta/gamma